Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

All the things > Vascular Path > Flashcards

Vascular Path Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of vessels, from inside to out?

A

Intima
Media
Adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What layer of vessels houses the muscular layer?

A

Media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false: most cases of vasculitis are infectious in origin

A

False–usually idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the clinical features of vasculitis?

A
  • Nonspecific ssx of inflammation

- Symptoms of organ ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do the ssx of organ ischemia arise in the setting of vasculitis? (2 ways)

A

Thrombosis at the site of BM/collagen exposure

Fibrosis secondary to healing narrows the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What vessels do the large vessel vasculitides affect?

A

Vasculitis involving the aorta or its major branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is temporal (giant cell) arteritis?

A

Vasculitis of the branches of the carotid artery (usually temporal artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who usually gets temporal arteritis?

A

Usually females over the age of 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the ssx of temporal (giant cell) arteritis?

A
  • HA
  • Visual disturbances
  • jaw claudication
  • Polymyalgia rheumatica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What labs are classically elevated in temporal arteritis?

A
  • ESR (usually greater than 100)
  • CRP
  • Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the histological characteristics of giant cell vasculitis?

A

Inflamed vessel wall with giant cells, intimal fibrosis, and granulomatous vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do you need to take a large biopsy of an artery if you suspect temporal (giant cell) arteritis? Can this biopsy exclude the disease?

A

Can affect isolated parts of the artery, thus a single biopsy will not exclude the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment for temporal (giant cell) arteritis? What is the major sequelae of this if left untreated?

A

Corticosteroid to reduce inflammation

High risk of blindness d/t ophthalmic artery involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or false: if you suspect temporal (giant cell) arteritis, you should treat immediately, even without confirmation

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Takayasu arteritis? Where in the large arteries does it usually occur? In whom does it usually present?

A

Granulomatous vasculitis similar to temporal arteritis, but involving vessels at the branch points of the aortic arch

Classically presents in asian females younger than 50 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the ssx of Takayasu arteritis? (2)

A
  • Visual and neurological ssx

- Weak or absent pulse in an UE (“pulseless disease”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What lab is classically elevated in Takayasu arteritis?

A

ESR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the treatment for Takayasu arteritis?

A

Corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the major differences between temporal arteritis and Takayasu arteritis?

A

Temporal arteritis usually affects branches of the carotid artery, whereas Takayasu’s is aortic branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which vessels are affected in medium-vessel vasculitis?

A

Muscular arteries that supply the organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is polyarteritis nodosa? What organ is spared?

A

necrotizing vasculitis that can affect a variety of vessels/organs, but
-spares the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who usually gets polyarteritis nodosa? S/sx?

A
  • Young adults

- Ssx depends on organ/vessel involvement, but spares the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What serum marker is usually elevated in polyarteritis nodosa?

A

HBsAg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the histological characteristics of polyarteritis nodosa? Imaging finding?

A

Transmural fibrinoid necrosis that heals, resulting in nodes of fibrous tissue

“string-of-pearls” appearance on imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes the “string-of-pearls” appearance on imaging with polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Areas of fibrinoid necrosis/fibrotic healed areas, interspersed between weakened areas characterized by aneurysms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the treatment for polyarteritis nodosa? What happens if it is left untreated?

A

Corticosteroids and/or cyclophosphamide

Fatal if not treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Kawasaki’s disease? Who does it usually affect?

A

Vasculitis that classically affects children under 4 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the s/sx of Kawasaki’s disease? (4)

A
  • Fever
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Erythematous rash of the palms and soles
  • Cervical LAD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the preferential artery that is involved with Kawasaki’s disease? What are the potential consequences of untreated Kawasaki’s disease?

A
  • Coronary
  • Thrombosis with MI
  • Aneurysm with rupture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the treatment for Kawasaki’s disease? Prognosis?

A
  • ASA and IVIG

- Disease is self-limited but need to prevent severe sequelae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the only illness where ASA is appropriate for use in children? Why?

A

Kawasaki’s disease

Prevents platelet COX and TXA2 formation on sites of collagen exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Buerger Disease?

A

necrotizing vasculitis involving the digits, that presents with ulceration, gangrene, and autoamputation of fingers and toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the common phenomenon that is present with Buerger’s disease?

A

Raynaud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Buerger’s disease highly associated with?

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the vessels that are affected in small-vessel vasculitis?

A
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Wegener’s granulomatosis?

A

Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis involving the nasopharynx, lungs, and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the three organs that are involved in Wegener Granulomatosis? (“C” disease)

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Lungs
  • Kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the classic Ab that is elevated in Wegener’s granulomatosis? What is the significance of this relative to disease activity?

A
  • C-ANCA

- Correlates with disease activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the treatment for Wegener’s granulomatosis?

A
  • Cyclophosphamide

- Corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the presenting ssx of Wegener’s granulomatosis? (3)

A
  • Sinusitis or nasopharyngeal ulcerations
  • Hemoptysis with bilateral nodular involvement
  • Hematuria d/t RPGN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Who usually gets Wegener’s granulomatosis? What kidney pathology do they classically experience?

A

Middle aged males

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the difference between pANCA and cANCA?

A 
pANCA = perinuclear ab rxn
cANCA = centromeric ab rxn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the biopsy findings with Wegener’s granulomatosis?

A

Large necrotizing granulomas with adjacent necrotizing vasculitis and giant cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is microscopic polyangiitis?

A

Necrotizing vasculitis involving multiple organs, especially the lungs and the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the primary differences between microscopic polyangiitis and WG?

A

nasopharyngeal and granulomas are absent in microscopic polyangiitis, and p-ANCA is found with MPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What abs correlate with microscopic polyangiitis?

A

pANCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the treatment for microscopic polyangiitis?

A

Corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is Churg-Strauss syndrome? What organs are classically affected?

A

Necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophils that usually involves lungs and heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What ab levels correlate with Churg-Strauss syndrome?

A

pANCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the two vasculitides that cause elevated pANCA? How do you differentiate between the two? (3)

A
  • Microscopic polyangiitis
  • Churg-Strauss syndrome

-Granulomas, asthma, and peripheral eosinophilia seen in Churg-Strauss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the cause of Henoch-Schonlein-Purpura (HSP)?

A

Vasculitis d/t immune IgA complex deposition

52
Q

What is the most common vasculitis in kids?

A

HSP

53
Q

What are the ssx of HSP? (3)

A
  • Palpable purpura on buttocks and legs
  • GI pain/bleeding
  • Hematuria
54
Q

What is the common history of HSP? Why?

A

Usually occurs following an URI since the respiratory system produces large amount of IgA

55
Q

What causes the palpable purpura with HSP?

A

inflammation around IgA deposition

56
Q

What causes the hematuria found in HSP?

A

IgA nephropathy

57
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis for HSP?

A

**Usually self limited but may recur

Treat with steroids if severe**

58
Q

What is systemic HTN defined as?

A

Greater than 140 / 90

59
Q

SBP is a function of what? DBP?

A 
SBP = f(SV)
DBP = f(TPR)
60
Q

Does Na intake have an effect on SBP, DBP, or both?

A

Both

61
Q

What is secondary HTN? What percent of HTN cases are caused by a secondary condition?

A

5% of cases

62
Q

How does renal artery stenosis cause systemic HTN?

A

Increases plasma renin, which converts angiotensinogen to ANG I

63
Q

What are the two ways that ANG II raises the BP?

A
  • Contracts arteriolar smooth muscle

- Promotes aldosterone release (increases Na reuptake, dumps K)

64
Q

What part of the nephron does aldosterone act on?

A

DCT

65
Q

From where is aldosterone synthesized?

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

66
Q

What will happen to a kidney in unilateral renal artery stenosis?

A

Atrophy of affected kidney

67
Q

What are the two major causes of renal artery stenosis?

A
  • Atherosclerosis

- Fibromuscular dysplasia

68
Q

What is fibromuscular dysplasia? In whom is it commonly seen?

A
  • Developmental defect of the blood vessel wall that results in thickening of large to medium sized arteries, especially the renal artery
  • Young females
69
Q

What is benign HTN?

A

Mild or moderate elevation in BP that is clinically silent

This causes organ and vessel damage over time

70
Q

What is malignant HTN?

A

Severe elevation in BP (greater than 200/120)

Causes end organ damage, and is a medical emergency

71
Q

What are the two ways that malignant HTN can arise?

A

**De novo

From preexisting HTN**

72
Q

Which part of the vessel wall becomes thick with atherosclerosis? In what size vessels does this usually occur in?

A
  • Tunica intima

- Medium to large sized vessels

73
Q

What is arteriolosclerosis? What sized vessels does this affect?

A

Deposition of protein or increase in smooth muscles of the wall in small sized vessels

74
Q

What is Monckeberg’s medial sclerosis?

A

Thickening of the media of the vessel

75
Q

What, generally, is atherosclerosis?

A

Intimal plaque that obstructs blood flow

76
Q

What are the components of an atheroma?

A

Lipid core with foam cells surrounded by a fibrous cap

77
Q

What are the four most common arteries that are involved with atherosclerosis?

A
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Coronary
  • Popliteal
  • Internal carotid
78
Q

What are the four major modifiable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis?

A
  • HTN
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Smoking
  • DM
79
Q

Which gender is more affected with atherosclerosis? Why?

A

males and postmenopausal women d/t protective effects of estrogen

80
Q

What is the underlying pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

A

macrophages oxidize lipids and are deposited into the intima, leading to proliferation of smooth muscle and sclerotic changes

81
Q

What are the possible sequelae of stenosis 2/2 atherosclerosis (without rupture)?

A
  • Claudication
  • Angina
  • Ischemic bowel disease
82
Q

What percent of an artery has to be occluded before getting symptoms of atherosclerosis?

A

Greater than 70%

83
Q

What are the possible sequelae of atherosclerosis (with rupture)?

A
  • MI

- Stroke

84
Q

What is the histological hallmark of atherosclerotic emboli?

A

Cholesterol Clefts

85
Q

What causes aneurysms with atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening of the vessel wall decreases oxygen penetration, leading to atrophy

86
Q

What is the pathophysiology of arteriolosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of small arterioles

87
Q

What are the two types of arteriolosclerosis?

A
  • hyaline

- hyperplastic types

88
Q

What causes hyaline arteriolosclerosis? What are the histological characteristics of this?

A

Protein leaking into the vessel wall, produces vascular thickening

Pink hyaline on microscopy

89
Q

–What are the two causes of hyaline arteriolosclerosis?–

A
  • Benign HTN forces material into the vessel wall

- DM (nonenzymatic glycosylation of the vessel wall, making it leaky)

90
Q

What is the major consequence of hyaline arteriolosclerosis in the kidney?

A

Glomerular scarring, d/t thickening of the afferent arteriole, progressing to CKD

91
Q

What is the cause of arteriolonephrosclerosis?

A

Glomerular scarring, d/t thickening of the afferent arteriole

92
Q

What is hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis? What is the histological appearance of this?

A

Thickening of vessel wall by hyperplasia of smooth muscle, decreasing the lumen of the vessel

This causes an “onion skin” appearance on microscopy

93
Q

What causes hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis? What does it result in?

A
  • malignant HTN causes it

- May lead to fibrinoid necrosis of vessel wall, and ARF

94
Q

What are the classic histological characteristics of hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis in the kidney?

A

Acute renal failure with a “flea-bitten” appearance

95
Q

What is monckeberg Medial calcific sclerosis? What is its significance?

A

Calcification of the media; non-obstructive or clinically significant

96
Q

What is the classic histological characteristic of Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis?

A

dark pink calcification in the intima

97
Q

Where along the aorta do dissections usually occur? Why here?

A

Proximal 10 cm since these areas are so thick they need vasa vasora, and these are damaged with HTN

98
Q

What two common factors in aortic dissections?

A
  • HTN

- preexisting weakness of the media

99
Q

What is the defect with Marfan’s syndrome?

A

Fibrillin gene defective, which is the scaffold upon which elastin is laid down

100
Q

What is the issue with Ehlers Danlos syndrome?

A

Defective collagen formation

101
Q

What is the major cause of death with an acute aortic dissection?

A

Pericardial tamponade

102
Q

What is the classical infectious disease that causes thoracic aortic dissection? How does it do this?

A

Tertiary syphilis

Causes end arteritis in the vasa vasorum in the thoracic aorta

103
Q

Tree bark appearance of the aortic wall = ?

A

Tertiary syphilis

104
Q

What is the most common complication a thoracic aortic aneurysm? Why?

A

Aortic insufficiency d/t pulling on the walls of the aortic root

105
Q

What is the second most common complication a thoracic aortic aneurysm?

A

Compression of the mediastinal structures

106
Q

What is the third most common complication a thoracic aortic aneurysm?

A

Thrombosis/embolism

107
Q

Why is it common to get thromboses along the wall of an aneurysm?

A

Stasis/backflow of blood in the area

108
Q

What is the most common site for a AAA?

A

Below the renal arteries, but above the aortic bifurcation

109
Q

What is the most common way that the abdominal aortic wall becomes weak? How?

A

Atherosclerosis causes decreased oxygen supply to the wall, causing weakening of the wall

110
Q

What is the classic patient with AAA?

A

60+ yo male smokers with a h/o HTN

111
Q

Over how many cm is an abdominal aortic aneurysm concerning?

A

When they’re greater than 5 cm in diameter

112
Q

What is the triad seen with a ruptured AAA?

A
  • *-Hypotension
  • Pulsatile abdominal mass
  • Flank pain**
113
Q

What is a hemangioma? What age is it usually seen, and what is the prognosis?

A

Benign tumor comprised of blood vessels that usually presents at birth and regresses throughout childhood

114
Q

What are the most common sites of hemangiomas?

A

Skin and liver

115
Q

How do you differentiate a hemangioma and purpura?

A

If blanches with pressure, then it is not a bleed into the skin (it’s a hemangioma)

116
Q

What is an angiosarcoma? Prognosis?

A

Malignant proliferation of endothelial cells

Highly aggresive

117
Q

What are the common sites of angiosarcomas?

A

Skin
Breast
Liver

118
Q

What three chemicals have an association with the development of liver angiosarcomas?

A
  • PVC
  • Ar
  • Thorotrast
119
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma? What is the cause?

A

Low-grade malignant proliferation of endothelial cells caused by HHV-8

120
Q

What is the typical presentation of Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Purple patches, plaques or nodules on the skin, that may involved visceral organs

121
Q

If you press on a purple patch in Kaposi’s sarcoma, would they blanch? Why or why not?

A

No, because the blood is in the skin, not the blood vessel itself

122
Q

What are the three classic patients that get Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A
  • Older eastern european males
  • AIDs pts
  • Transplant recipients
123
Q

Pulseless UE in a young asian female = ?

A

Takayasu’s arteritis

124
Q

What is the treatment for AIDS patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

HAART

125
Q

What is the treatment for older eastern european males with kaposi’s sarcoma on the skin?

A

Resect it

126
Q

What is the treatment for transplant patients with kaposi’s sarcoma on the skin?

A

Reduce immunosuppression

All the things (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions