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All the things > 16.1 - 16.4: Breast Pathology > Flashcards

16.1 - 16.4: Breast Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Breasts are derived from what layer, embryologically?

A

Skin layer

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2
Q

What is the milk line, and what is its significance?

A

The line from the axilla to the vulva, where the breasts develop from. This is where extra nipples can develop from

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3
Q

What is the functional unit of the breast?

A

Terminal duct-lobular unit—lobules make milk that drains via ducts to the nipple

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4
Q

All ducts and lobules of the breast have two layers of epithelium. What are these? What is the function of each?

A
  • Luminal cell layer–protect the duct

- Myoepithelial cell layer–responsible for contraction of the duct during milk ejection

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5
Q

The highest density of breast tissue is where, anatomically?

A

Upper outer quadrant

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6
Q

What causes the breast TTP during menstruation?

A

Estrogen

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7
Q

What is galactorrhea?

A

Milk production OUTSIDE of lactation

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8
Q

True or false: galactorrhea is a symptom of breast cancer

A

False–never a s/sx

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9
Q

What causes milk ejection?

A

Nipple stimulation

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10
Q

What pituitary pathology can cause galactorrhea?
—-

A

Prolactinoma

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11
Q

What is the most common pathogen that causes acute mastitis?

A

S. Aureus

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12
Q

What makes breast tissue susceptible to mastitis with breast feeding?

A

Cracked develop during suckling, that allows for entry of pathogens

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13
Q

What are the s/sx of mastitis?

A
  • Erythema

- Purulent nipple d/c

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14
Q

What is the treatment of mastitis? (2)

A
  • Drainage (continue BF)

- ABX

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15
Q

What is the classic abx used in the treatment of mastitis?

A

Dicloxacillin

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16
Q

Should a woman who has mastitis continue breast feeding?

A

Yes–drains the area

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17
Q

What is periductal mastitis? In whom is it usually seen? How does it present?

A
  • Inflammation of the subareolar ducts
  • Usually seen in smokers
  • Subareolar mass with nipple retraction
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18
Q

What type of epithelium lines the areolar ducts?

A

Columnar

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19
Q

What vitamin is the epithelium of the breast ducts dependent on? What is the significance of this?

A

Smokers lose the ability to use Vit A, causing the breast ductal tissue to turn to squamous.

This metaplasia to squamous causes an increase in keratin, which can clog the ducts and cause periductal mastitis

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20
Q

What causes the retraction seen with periductal mastitis?

A

Granuloma formation behind the nipple d/t chronic inflammation causes the recruitment of fibroblasts, and the retraction of the skin

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21
Q

What is mammary duct ectaisa?

A

Rare inflammation of the subareolar ducts that causes dilation of the subareolar ducts,

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22
Q

In whom does mammary duct ectasia develop in?

A

Multiparous, postmenopausal women

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23
Q

Green-brown nipple discharge = what breast pathology?

A

Mammary duct ectasia

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24
Q

What is the classic d/c associated with mammary duct ectasia?

A

Green-brown nipple discharge

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25
Q

What are the classic histological findings of mammary duct ectasia?

A

Chronic inflammation with plasma cells

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26
Q

Chronic inflammation with plasma cells on bx of the breast is indicative of what pathology?

A

Mammary duct ectasia

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27
Q

What is the usual cause of fat necrosis of the breast?

A

Trauma

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28
Q

How does fat necrosis of the breast usually present?

A

Mass on exam or calcification on mammography

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29
Q

What will biopsy of fat necrosis of the breast show?

A

Necrotic fat with associated calcification and giant cells

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30
Q

What causes the calcification of fat necrosis?
—–

A

Saponification-addition of Ca to fat necrosis

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31
Q

What is fibrocystic change of the breast? What causes this?

A

The development of cysts around the lobules of the mammary ducts, resulting in stress on the stroma, and resulting fibrosis

Variations in estrogen levels

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32
Q

In whom are fibrocystic changes of the breast most common? Why?

A

Premenopausal women–d/t wide variations in estrogen levels

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33
Q

What are the characteristic clinical findings of fibrocystic changes?

A

Lumpy breast in the upper, outer quadrant

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34
Q

What are the gross characteristics of fibrocystic changes?

A

Blue-domed cyst appearance on gross exam

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35
Q

Blue-domed appearance of a breast mass = ?

A

Fibrocystic changes

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36
Q

True or false: Fibrocystic change of the breast is benign, and carries NO increased risk for breast cancer

A

True

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37
Q

True or false: Fibrocystic change of the breast with apocrine metaplasia is benign, and carries NO increased risk for breast cancer

A

True

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38
Q

What is the one exception to the rule that metaplasia increases the risk for dysplasia?

A

Apocrine metaplasia

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39
Q

Is ductal hyperplasia of the breast benign or malignant? Does it carry an increased risk for cancer? If so, which type?

A

Benign, but there is a 2x risk for the development of invasive carcinoma

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40
Q

What is sclerosing adenosis of the breast, and is it benign or malignant? Does it carry an increased risk for cancer? If so, which type?

A
  • Increase in glands and surrounding stromal tissue

- Benign, but there is a 2x risk for the development of invasive carcinoma

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41
Q

Does atypical hyperplasia of the breast increase the risk of developing into cancer? If so, which type?

A

Yes–5x for invasive carcinoma

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42
Q

What is sclerosing adenosis of the breast? Is there a risk of this developing into cancer? How is this often detected, and why?

A
  • Proliferation of glands (adenosis) with fibrosis of the stroma between them (sclerosis)
  • Benign, but increases risk for ca x2
  • Found on mammography d/t Ca deposition
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43
Q

True or false: benign lesions of the breast that carry an increase in the chances of cancer, increase the risk for the development of cancer in BOTH breasts, regardless of which breast the lesion was seen in

A

True

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44
Q

What is an intraductal papilloma? What is the classical presentation of this, and why?

A
  • Growth of ductal epithelial cells into the duct, with a fibrovascular core.
  • Bloody nipple discharge, since the growth is vascularized, and fragile
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45
Q

What are the two cell types that form the intraductal papilloma?

A

Ductal epithelial cells, and the myoepithelial cells

46
Q

In whom are intraductal papillomas usually seen in? Intraductal papillary carcinoma?

A
  • Premenopausal woman = papilloma

- Postmenopausal woman = carcinoma

47
Q

What is the key histological difference between the intraductal papilloma and intraductal papillary carcinoma?

A

Lack of myoepithelial cells with intraductal papillary carcinoma

48
Q

What are fibroadenomas?

A

Benign tumor of fibrous tissue and glands

49
Q

What is the most common benign neoplasm of the breast?

A

Fibroadenoma

50
Q

What are the clinical features of fibroadenomas?

A

Well circumscribed, mobile, marble-like mass

51
Q

Are fibroadenomas estrogen sensitive?

A

Yes

52
Q

Is there a risk for the development of carcinomas from fibroadenomas? If so, which type?

A

No

53
Q

What are the general histological characteristics of fibroadenomas?

A

Glandular tissue encapsulated in fibrous tissue (sharply demarcated)

54
Q

What are Phyllodes tumors?

A

Fibroadenomas-like tumors with overgrowth of the fibrous component

55
Q

What are the classic histological findings of phyllodes tumors? What causes this?

A

Leaf-like projection–Fibrous tissue pushes out

56
Q

Leaf-like projections on histology from a breast mass = ?

A

Phyllodes tumor

57
Q

In whom are phyllodes tumors most commonly seen?

A

Postmenopausal women

58
Q

Are Phyllodes tumors malignant?
—-

A

Can be

59
Q

What are the the top three cancers by incidence?

A
  1. Breast/prostate
  2. Lungs
  3. Colorectal
60
Q

What are the top three cancers by mortality?

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Breast/prostate
  3. Colorectal
61
Q

All of the risk factors for the development of breast cancer generally involve what?

A

Higher estrogen exposure

62
Q

Why is obesity related to breast cancer?

A

Adipose converts androgens to estrone

63
Q

What are the relatives who, if they have cancer, increase the risk for you to develop cancer?

A

Mother, sister, daughter (1st degree relatives)

64
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple? How does it present?

A

DCIS that grows to involve the duct and skin

Presents as a nipple ulceration and erythema

65
Q

What does DCIS become when it invades the BM?

A

IDC (invasive ductal CA)

66
Q

What is ductal carcinoma in situ?

A

Tumor of the mammary ducts that has NOT invaded the basement membrane

67
Q

How is DCIS appear on mammography?

A

Calcifications

68
Q

What is comedocarcinoma? Why does it occur?

A
  • DCIS that has caseous necrosis

- Occurs because there is no blood supply to the center of the duct

69
Q

Can you feel DCIS?

A

No–need mammogram

70
Q

What are the two benign lesions of the breast that can show calcifications on mammography?

A
  • Fat necrosis

- Sclerosing adenosis

71
Q

What are the histological characteristics of Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

Large cells with a clear halo about the nucleus

72
Q

What is the most common type of invasive breast cancer?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

73
Q

What are the clinical features of invasive ductal carcinoma?

A

Presents as a mass with dimpling of the skin or retraction of the nipple

74
Q

What are the histological characteristics of ductal carcinoma?

A

Duct-like structures in a desmoplastic stroma

75
Q

Duct-like structures in a desmoplastic stroma = which breast pathology?

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

76
Q

What are the four subtypes of ductal carcinoma?

A
  • Tubular
  • Mucinous
  • Medullary
  • Inflammatory
77
Q

What is the prognosis for the tubular subtype of ductal carcinoma?

A

Good

78
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the tubular subtype of ductal carcinoma?

A

Tubular structures within a sea of desmoplasia and fibrous tissue

79
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the mucinous subtype of ductal carcinoma?

A

Mucinous glands in a ton of mucus

80
Q

What is the prognosis for the mucinous subtype of ductal carcinoma?

A

Good (“can’t go anywhere because stuck in mucus”)

81
Q

What are the clinical features of inflammatory ductal carcinoma? What causes this?

A

Peu d’orange–inflammation of the breast d/t blockage of the dermal lymphatics

82
Q

What are the histological characteristics of inflammatory carcinoma?

A

Neoplastic cells within the lymphatics

83
Q

What two pieces do you need to diagnose inflammatory carcinoma? What is the prognosis?

A

-Histological findings + clinical inflammation

Poor prognosis

84
Q

Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast looks similar clinically to what pathology? What may lead you to suspect carcinoma?

A
  • Mastitis

- Failure of mastitis to resolve with abx

85
Q

What are the histological characteristics of medullary carcinoma of the breast?

A

High grade Atypia in a sea of inflammatory cells

86
Q

BRCA1 mutations have a large increase in what type of breast cancer?

A

Medullary subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma

87
Q

What is lobular carcinoma in situ?

A

Tumor of the lobules of the breast that have not invaded the BM

88
Q

Does LCIS produce mass or calcification?

A

No

89
Q

True or false: LCIS is usually multifocal, and bilateral

A

True

90
Q

What is the classic histological characteristic of LCIS? Why does this occur?

A

Dyscohesive cells in the lobules d/t a lack of E-cadherin

91
Q

What is the protein that LCIS lacks? What histological characteristics does this cause?

A
  • E-Cadherin

- Discohesive

92
Q

What is the major significance of lobular carcinoma in situ?

A

Major risk factor for the future development of breast cancer

93
Q

What is the treatment for LCIS? What is not? Why?

A
  • Tamoxifen

- Not resected, since it is a risk factor for CA, not CA in itself

94
Q

What is the MOA of tamoxifen? Trastuzumab?

A
  • Tamoxifen = ER receptor antagonist

- Trastuzumab = Her2/neu receptor antagonist

95
Q

Is the risk for LCIS developing into cancer high or low

A

Low risk factor

96
Q

What are the histological characteristics of invasive lobular carcinoma? Why?

A
  • Grows in a single file pattern (indian file)

- Lack of E-Cadherin

97
Q

What is the single most important prognostic factor for breast cancer (in terms of TNM staging)?

A

Metastases

98
Q

What is the single most useful prognostic factor for breast cancer? Why?

A
  • Spread to lymph nodes

- More useful than mets, since most patients do not present with mets

99
Q

What is the means by which we ascertain if there is spread of breast cancer via the lymphatic system? How does this work?

A

Sentinel lymph node biopsy–inject radioactive dye and assess which tier of lymph nodes has cancer

100
Q

What are the three key prognostic factors for the responsiveness of breast cancer to therapy?

A
  • ER+
  • PR+
  • HER2/neu gene amplification
101
Q

What is the cause of upregulation of the HER2/neu receptor?

A

Gene amplification

102
Q

Why is it that ER or receptor tagging leads to the development of dark nuclei? Why is this not seen with HER2/neu?

A
  • The receptors translocates to the nucleus to alter gene expression
  • HER2/neu is a surface receptor
103
Q

What is triple negative breast cancer, and what is the prognosis for this? In what ethnicity is this usually seen in?

A
  • HER2/neu -, ER- and PR- breast cancer—–poor prognosis

- African americans

104
Q

Tumor at a premenopausal age is suggestive of what sort of cancer etiology?

A

Hereditary

105
Q

Multiple tumors is suggestive of what sort of cancer etiology?

A

Hereditary

106
Q

BRCA1 gene mutation increases the risk for what two cancers?

A

Breast and ovarian

107
Q

BRCA2 mutation increases the risk for what cancer?

A

Breast carcinoma in males

108
Q

What type of ovarian cancer odes BRCA1 predispose patients to?

A

Serous cystadenoma and fallopian tube tumors

109
Q

Why doesn’t prophylactic mastectomy reduce the risk for breast cancer to 0?

A

Usually still breast tissue remaining in axilla or pectoralis muscles

110
Q

Where, anatomically, does male breast cancer develop?

A

Subareolar mas under the nipple

111
Q

What type of breast cancer do males usually get? Why? What are the two hereditary etiologies of male breast cancer?

A
  • Invasive ductal CA (no lobules for CA to develop in)

- BRCA2 or Klinefelter syndrome

112
Q

What is the genotype for Turner’s syndrome? klinefelters?

A
  • Turners = X0

- Klinefelters = XXY

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