1.2 Cellular Injury

Question 1

What are the factors that determine a cell’s response to a stress?

Answer 1

• Type of stress
• Type of cell
• Severity of stress

Question 2

When does cell injury occur (generally)?

Answer 2

Stress exceeds a cells ability to adapt

Question 3

What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

Answer 3

Hypoxemia is low oxygen in the blood

Hypoxia is low oxygen delivery to tissues

Question 4

What is the definition of ischemia?

Answer 4

Decreased blood flow through an organ

Question 5

What is the most common cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome?

Answer 5

Polycythemia vera

Question 6

What is the definition of hypoxemia (PaO2 level)?

Answer 6

PaO2 of less than 60 mmHg

Question 7

What are the major causes of increased PACO2?

Answer 7

COPD

Hypoventilation

Question 8

What happens to the PaO2 with anemia? SaO2?

Answer 8

Both are normal

Question 9

What happens to the PaO2 with CO poisoning? SaO2?

Answer 9

PaO2 normal

O2 sat decreased

Question 10

What are the s/sx of CO poisoning?

Answer 10

Cherry red skin
HA
Acidemia ssx

Question 11

What is the earliest sign of CO poisoning?

Answer 11

HA

Question 12

What is methemoglobinemia?

Answer 12

Iron in heme is oxidized to Fe3+, which cannot bind O2

Question 13

What happens to the PaO2 with methemoglobinemia? SaO2?

Answer 13

PaO2 normal

SaO2 decreased

Question 14

What are the common causes of methemoglobinemia?

Answer 14

Oxidant stresses like:

• Sulfa drugs
• Nitrates

Question 15

What form of Fe binds O2?

Answer 15

Fe2 binds O2

Question 16

Why are infants susceptible to methemoglobinemia?

Answer 16

Immaturity of enzymes that breakdown Free radical oxygen species

Question 17

What is the gross blood characteristics of methemoglobinemia?

Answer 17

Chocolate colored blood

Question 18

What is the treatment for methemoglobinemia? MOA?

Answer 18

Methylene blue converts Fe3+ back to Fe2+