Developmental Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cells of the neural plate that develop into the PNS?

A

Neural crest cells

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2
Q

What are the cells of the neural plate that develop into the CNS?

A

Cells from the wall of the neural tube

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3
Q

What are the cells of the neural plate that develop into the ventricles and spinal canal?

A

Lumen of the neural tube

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4
Q

Neural tube defects are associated with what vitamin deficiency? When in development is supplementation needed?

A

Folate–needed prior to conception

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5
Q

How do you monitor for neural tube defects in utero?

A

Elevated AFP in amniotic and maternal blood

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6
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Failure of the neural tube to close at the cranial end

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7
Q

What is the classic appearance of an anencephalic neonate?

A

“Frog-like” appearance, with an absence of a skull and brain

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8
Q

What is the effect of anencephaly on amniotic fluid levels? Why?

A

Polyhydramnios–absence of brain leads to absence of swallow reflex

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9
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

Dimple or patch of hair overlying the vertebral defect

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10
Q

What is spina bifida with meningocele?

A

Meninges herniate through a neural tube defect

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11
Q

What is spina bifida with meningomyelocele?

A

Meninges and spinal cord herniate through a neural tube defect

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12
Q

What is congenital aqueduct stenosis?

A

Stenosis of the channel that drains the CSF from the 3rd and 4th ventricles, leading to accumulation of CSF in the ventricle

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13
Q

What is the presentation of cerebral aqueduct stenosis? Why?

A

Enlarging head circumference d/t inability to drain CSF from the 3rd and 4th ventricles

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14
Q

What is the body in the ventricles that makes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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15
Q

What is the flow of CSF from the lateral ventricles, to the 4th?

A
  1. Lateral
  2. Foramen of monroe
  3. Third ventricle
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
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16
Q

What is the connection between the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle?

A

Foramen of monro

17
Q

What is the connection between the third ventricle and the fourth??

A

Cerebral aqueduct

18
Q

What is Dandy Walker malformation? How does it present?

A
  • Congenital failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop

- Massively dilated 4th ventricle with an absent cerebellum

19
Q

What are the characteristic findings of Dandy-walker malformation on imaging?

A

-Massively dilated 4th ventricle with an absent cerebellum; often accompanied by hydrocephalus

20
Q

What is Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

Congenital extension of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

21
Q

What are the two conditions that may present with Arnold-Chiari malformations?

A
  • Meningomyelocele

- Syringomyelia

22
Q

What is one of the sequelae of Arnold-Chiari malformation?

A

Hydrocephalus d/t CSF flow obstruction