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Year 3 > Vascular/ENT > Flashcards

Vascular/ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6Ps in limb ischaemia?

A 
Pain
Pulseless
Pallor
Perishingly cold
Paraesthesia
Paralysis
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2
Q

When do we need to act surgically on an AAA?

A

When >5.5cm.

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3
Q

Give x3 causes of microcytosis

A 
Fe2+ deficiency
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD)
Lead poisoning
Acute blood loss
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4
Q

Give x2 causes of macrocytosis

A

Folate/ B12 deficiency
Aplastic anaemia
‘aplastic’ = failure to

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5
Q

Does pernicious anaemia show micro/normo or macrocytosis?

A

Macrocytosis; B12 deficiency.

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6
Q

What is the sign on blood film seen in Pernicious anaemia?

A

Hypersegmented neutrophils.

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7
Q

What does ‘mixed picture’ mean?

A

For example, Fe2+ deficiency AND B12 deficiency.
Low MCV
Normal RDW

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8
Q

How will the MCV be in Anaemia of Chronic Disease?

A

Low MCV.

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9
Q

How will the MCV be in Chronic Disease?

A

Normal MCV.

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10
Q

How will the MCV contrast between ‘Anaemia of Chronic Disease’ and Chronic disease?

A

ACD = low MCV

Chronic disease = normal MCV.

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11
Q

Normal MCV, Normal RDW. What is the diagnosis?

A

Chronic disease.

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12
Q

Give an example where we will see normocytic anaemia.

A

Chronic disease.

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13
Q

What is the general rule regarding pre-operative patients and blood transfusion?

A

Patients without cardiovascular disease do not need to be transfused unless the Hb is <80g/L.

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14
Q

When giving a transfusion to an anaemia patient, what should be requested?

A

Packed red blood cells (not fresh frozen plasma!).

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15
Q

What is a positive Rinne’s test?

A

Air conduction > bone conduction

This is either normal or sensorineural hearing loss.

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16
Q

What will Rinne’s test look like in conductive hearing loss?

A

Rinne’s test will be negative.

Bone conduction > Air conduction.

17
Q

In a normal patient, should air or bone conduction be greater?

A

Air conduction should be greater. This will be a positive Rinne’s test.

18
Q

What is Cholesteatoma?

A

Collection of cells in the ear. ‘Foul smelling discharge’.

19
Q

Which bacteria causes Otitis media?

A

Viral URTI

Bacteria - Streptococcus pneumoniae.

20
Q

What is the commonest cause of childhood deafness?

A

Otitis Media effusion ‘Glue ear’.

21
Q

What is the main way we treat Otitis media with effusion?

A

Grommets/ surgery.

NOT ANTIBIOTICS.

22
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

LMN facial palsy.

23
Q

How do Bell’s palsy patients present?

A

Unilateral facial weakness, droop
Facial, neck, ear numbness
Hyperacusis (heightened sensitivity to loud sounds).
DOES NOT SPARE FOREHEAD; LMN.

24
Q

Name two appropriate investigations for Bell’s palsy.

A

EMG - Local axonal conduction block.

25
Q

Give x3 steps of a management plan for Bell’s palsy.

A

Protection of cornea with glasses.
Corticosteroids
Surgery

Year 3 (13 decks)

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