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Year 3 > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Prostate size relates to cancer risk. True or false.

A

False.

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2
Q

Give 4 LUTS

A

Lower urinary tract symptoms

Frequency, urgency, intermittency, nocturia, straining, weak stream

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3
Q

What is BOO?

A

Bladder outflow obstruction

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4
Q

What is Tamsulosin? When may it be used?

A

An alpha blocker used to relax the prostate. Used in BPH.

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5
Q

Name two medications used in BPH.

A

Tamsulosin - alpha blocker

Finasteride - 5a reductase inhibitor

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6
Q

Which medications do we use in overactive bladders?

A

Anti-cholingergics: oxybutynin

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7
Q

What affect do beta agonists have on the bladder?

A

Relax the bladder.
Alpha blockers
Beta agonists = both relax the bladder.

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8
Q

Give x3 causes of urinary retention.

A

BPH
UTI
Cancer

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9
Q

At which PSA number do we investigate individuals?

A

PSA >3

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10
Q

When may PSA be raised?

A

Urinary infection
BPH
Prostate cancer

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11
Q

When do we do a cytoscopy?

A

To assess patient’s bladder e.g. haematuria.

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12
Q

Give x3 loin pain differentials.

A 
AAA
Testicular torsion
Perforated PU
appendicitis
MI
diverticulitis
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13
Q

Which tumour marker is only secreted by teratomas?

A

AFP - alpha fetoprotein.

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14
Q

How would you operate on a testicular tumour?

A

Radial Inguinal orchidectomy

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15
Q

Teratomas are common amongst which age group?

A

20-35 years; younger patients.

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16
Q

Which is the basic renal cell screening test?

A

Ultrasound.

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17
Q

After relieving retention, what is one test we MUST perform?

A

DRE

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18
Q

Which test confirms acute urinary retention?

A

Bladder scan residual

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19
Q

Which symptoms indicate BOO (bladder outflow obstruction)?

A 
Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia
Poor flow
Intermittent flow 
Terminal dribbling
20
Q

What is the function of PSA?

A

To liquefy the ejaculate to make fertilisation more likely.

21
Q

Name three conditions where the PSA may be raised

A

BPH
UTI
acute and chronic prostatitis

22
Q

Which is the first initial investigation for testicular torsion

A

Urine dipstick.

Testicular torsion is an emergency!!

23
Q

How would you differentiate between a patient’s presentation of testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis?

A

Testicular torsion has a much more rapid onset of pain.

24
Q

How do we treat a testicular torsion?

A

Analgesia and urgent surgery.

25
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A tube that connects the vas deferens to the testes.

26
Q

What is transilluminance?

A

Shining a light behind a scrotal lump and seeing if that light travels through.

27
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

The network of veins which drain the testes and spermatic cord.

28
Q

What is a variocele?

A

An abnormal dilatation of the pampiniform plexus.

29
Q

Industrial dye exposure is a risk factor to which cancer specifically?

A

Bladder cancer.

30
Q

Loin to groin pain is indicative of which diagnosis?

A

Renal colic (stones)

31
Q

Loin to groin pain is indicative of which diagnosis?

A 
Renal colic (stones)
Appendicitis (but would have a fever).
32
Q

Which are the two common cancers in urology to cause haematuria?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma

33
Q

Give 3 main risk factors for renal cell carcinoma.

A

Smoking
Obesity
Von Hippel-Lindau disease

34
Q

Name the procedure whereby we remove one or both of the testicles.

A

Orchidectomy

35
Q

What is the most appropriate initial investigation for a renal colic?

A

CT KUB

Urine dipstick.

36
Q

What is the most appropriate initial investigation for a renal colic?

A 
CT KUB (except in pregnancy where ultrasound would be the most suitable).
Urine dipstick.
37
Q

Are renal tract stones more common in males or females?

A

Males by upto x4!

38
Q

Man with Benign prostatic hyperplasia presents to A&E with acute urinary retention with pain and discomfort. What is the first necessary step?

A

Catheterise the patient.

39
Q

Which class of drugs are used in BPH?

A

Alpha blockers e.g. tamsulosin

5a reductase inhibitors e.g. finasteride

40
Q

When evaluating a mass in the scrotum, which are the questions we should be asking?

A
  • Can we palpate the mass?

-

41
Q

Define hernia

A

An abnormal protrusion of a viscus from one cavity into another.

42
Q

If we cannot palpate a lump in the scrotum what are two differentials?

A

Must be coming from above i.e. the abdomen

  1. hydrocele of spermatic cord
  2. inguinal hernia
43
Q

Give two characteristics of an inguinal hernia

A

They have a cough reflex; increased pressure

They can be reduced (pushed inwards).

44
Q

How would you attempt to differentiate between an inguinal and a femoral hernia clinically?

A

Inguinal hernia is superior and medial to the pubic tubercle.

45
Q

How would you attempt to differentiate between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia clinically?

A

Place 2 fingers over the deep ring. Ask patient to cough. If hernia protrudes = direct hernia.

46
Q

A femoral hernia is seen/ felt in which location?

A

Inferior and lateral to the testicle.

47
Q

‘bag of worms’ = ?

A

Variocele

Year 3 (13 decks)

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