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Cardiorespiratory > Vascular Endothelium > Flashcards

Vascular Endothelium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of blood vessels (except capillaries and venules)?

A

tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima

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2
Q

What is in the tunica adventitia?

A

vaso vasorum

nerves

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3
Q

What is in the tunica media?

A

smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

What is in the tunica intima?

A

endothelium

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5
Q

Capillaries and venules are formed only by _________ supported by some _____ and a _______.

A

endothelium
pericytes (mural cells)
basement membrane

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6
Q

Capillaries is where what occurs?

A

exchange of nutrients and oxygen between blood and tissue

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7
Q

Microvascular endothelium promotes?

A

tissue homeostasis

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8
Q

Damage to the endothelium can cause? List examples

A

organ dysfunction e.g. ischaemia, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, diabetes

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9
Q

Microvascular endothelium is the source of what factors required for tissue homeostasis and organ regeneration?

A

angiocrine

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10
Q

What does organotypic properties mean?

A

tissue specific, heterogenous

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11
Q

Endothelial cells lining the vascular system

A

SA >1000m^2, >100g, v flat, 1-2 µm thick and 10-20 µm in diameter, formed by a monolayer of endothelial cells, one cell deep (contact inhibition)

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12
Q

Describe the proliferation rate of endothelial cells in vivo.

A

low

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13
Q

What functions of blood vessels and tissues does the endothelium control?

A 
vascular tone
angiogenesis
haemostasis and thrombosis
inflammation
permeability
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14
Q

What factors are produced from the endothelial cells for angiogenesis?

A

matrix products: fibronectin, laminin, collagen, proteoglycans, proteases
growth factors: insulin like GF, transforming GF, colony stim. factor

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15
Q

What factors are produced from the endothelial cells for inflammation?

A

adhesion molecules: ICAMs, VCAM, selectins

inflammatory mediators: IL1/6/8, leukotrienes, MHCII

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16
Q

What factors are produced from the endothelial cells for vascular tone/permeability?

A

vasodilators: NO, prostacyclin
vasoconstrictors: ACE, thromboxane A2, leukotrienes, free radicals, endothelin

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17
Q

What antithrombotic factors are produced from the endothelial cells for thrombosis/haemostasis?

A

prostacyclin, thrombomodulin, antithrombin, plasminogen activator, heparin

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18
Q

What procoagulant factors are produced from the endothelial cells for angiogenesis?

A

VWF, thromboxane A2, thromboplastin, factor V, platelet activating factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor

19
Q

factors contributing to atherosclerosis

A 
viruses
smoking
mechanical stress
inflammation
hypertension
OxLDL
high glucose
sex hormon imbalance
ageing
20
Q

Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis

A

increased permeability to lipoproteins and other plasma constituents, up-regulation of leukocyte/endothelial adhesion molecules, migration of leukocytes into the artery wall

21
Q

Briefly outline pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

A
  1. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis
  2. fatty streak formation
  3. formation of an advanced, complicated lesion of atherosclerosis
22
Q

What happens during fatty streak formation?

A

smooth muscle migration, foam cell formation, adherence/aggregation of platelets

23
Q

What happens during formation of an advanced, complicated lesion of atherosclerosis?

A

macrophage accumulation
formation of a necrotic core
fibrous cap formation
angiogenesis

24
Q

Endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: mechanisms

A

leukocyte recruitment,

permeability, shear stress, angiogenesis

25
Q

Describe the leukocyte adhesion cascade.

A

capture, rolling + activation, arrest, adhesion, intravascular crawling, paracellular + transcellular transmigration

26
Q

Recruitment of blood leukocytes into tissues normally takes place during?

A

inflammation

27
Q

Leukocytes adhere to the endothelium of ______________ and transmigrate into tissues.

A

post-capillary venules

28
Q

compare structure of capillaries and post capillary venules

A

post-capillary venules have more pericytes

29
Q

In atherosclerosis, leukocytes adhere to activated endothelium of _______ and get stuck in the subendothelial space

A

large arteries

30
Q

_______ migrate into the subendothelial space, differentiate into __________ and become foam cells.

A

Monocytes

macrophages

31
Q

Increased permeability results in _____________ through the junctions into the subendothelial space.

A

leakage of plasma proteins

32
Q

describe lipoprotein trapping/modification

A

lipoprotein leak out > bind to proteoglycans > become oxidated > join macrophage to form foam cells

33
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques occur preferentially at ________ and _________ of the vascular tree

A

bifurcations and curvatures

34
Q

Why does atherosclerosis occur at branch points?

A

flow patterns and hemodynamic forces are not uniform in the vascular system

35
Q

How does blood flow affect stress?

A

straight parts > laminar flow > high, directional stress

branches/curvatures > flow disturbed > irregular distribution of low wall shear stress

36
Q

Laminar blood flow promotes?

A

anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory factors
endothelial survival
Inhibition of SMC proliferation
Nitric oxide (NO) production

37
Q

Disturbed blood flow promotes?

A

Thrombosis, inflammation (leukocyte adhesion)
endothelial apoptosis
SMC proliferation
Loss of Nitric oxide (NO) production

38
Q

List protective effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the vascular endothelium.

A

vasodilator, reduces platelet activation, inhibits monocyte adhesion, reduces SMC proliferation, reduce release of superoxide radicals, reduces oxidation of LDL cholesterol

39
Q

define angiogenesis

A

formation of new vessels by sprouting from existing vessels

40
Q

outline the cascade of events that leads to angiogenesis

A

hypoxia > EC receptor binding > activation > proliferation > directional migration > ECM remodelling > tube formation > loop formation > vascular stabilisation

41
Q

Angiogenesis is essential for?

A

embryonic development, wound healing, menstrual cycle

42
Q

pathological angiogenesis promotes?

A

plaque growth

43
Q

therapeutic angiogenesis prevents?

A

damage post ischaemia

Cardiorespiratory (20 decks)

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