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Cardiorespiratory > Respiratory Infection > Flashcards

Respiratory Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection?

A 
cough
sneezing 
runny or stuffy nose
sore throat
headache
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2
Q

What are signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection?

A 
productive cough
muscle aches
wheezing
breathlessness
fever
fatigue
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3
Q

What are signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

A

chest pain
blue tinting of the lips
severe fatigue
high fever

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4
Q

Are acute respiratory infections one of the top ten global causes of death?

A

yes

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5
Q

What is DALY?

A

Disability-adjusted Life Year

A sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lost to Disability (YLP)

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6
Q

As age increases, what happens to rates of pneumonia?

A

increase

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7
Q

What are common causative agents of bacterial respiratory infection?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Myxoplasma pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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8
Q

What are common causative agents of viral respiratory infection?

A 
Influenza A or B virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Human metapneumovirus
Human rhinovirus
Coronavirus
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9
Q

List different ways of acquiring pneumonia

A

community acquired
hospital acquired
ventilator acquired

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10
Q

List examples of pathogens that usually cause community acquired pneumonia.

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae (40-50%)
Myxoplasma pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
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11
Q

List examples of pathogens that usually cause hospital acquired pneumonia.

A 
Staphylococcus aureus
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella species
E. Coli
Acinetobacter spp.
Enterobacter spp.
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12
Q

List examples of pathogens that usually cause ventilator acquired pneumonia.

A 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25%)
Staphylococcus aureus(20%)
Enterobacter
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13
Q

Briefly outline mechanisms of damage of pneumonia.

A

lung injury > arterial hypoxemia > ARDS

bacteremia, systemic inflammation, treatment > organ infection > sepsis

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14
Q

What is supportive therapy/treatment for bacterial pneumonia?

A

hypoxia > oxygen
dehydration > fluids
pain > analgesia
nebulised saline may help expectoration

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15
Q

What types of antibiotics should you give to treat bacterial pneumonia? Give examples.

A

penicillins e.g. amoxicillin

macrolides e.g. clarithromycin

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16
Q

Briefly describe how penicillins work.

A

beta lactams that bind proteins in the bacterial cell wall to prevent transpeptidation

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17
Q

Briefly describe how macrolides work.

A

bind to the bacterial ribosome to prevent protein synthesis

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18
Q

What is the key to increasing the success of antibiotics?

A

time to administration

using an effective AB (typical CAPs may respond to penicillins, atypical CAPs require macrolides)

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19
Q

Define microbiota.

A

Ecological communities of microbes found inside multi-cellular organisms

20
Q

Define commensal.

A

Microbes that live in a “symbiotic” relationship with their host

21
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen.

A

A microbe that takes advantage of a change in conditions (often immuno-suppression)

22
Q

Define pathobiont.

A

microbe that is normally commensal, but if found in the wrong environment (e.g. anatomical site) can cause pathology.

23
Q

Give an example of an opportunistic pathogen.

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

24
Q

Risk factors for active TB?

A

HIV
alcohol
smoking

25
Q

Standard treatment for TB

A

requires a combination of 4 antibiotics for a 6 month period

26
Q

It’s estimated that what % of the population has latent TB?

A

25%

27
Q

Define serotypes.

A

distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals
viruses which cannot be recognized by serum (antibodies) that recognize another – implications for protective immunity

28
Q

Why do viral infections result in disease?

A

cellular inflammation
mediator release
damage to epithelium > loss of cilia, loss of chemoreceptors, poor barrier to antigens, bacterial growth

29
Q

Aetiology of human rhinovirus

A

Major group bind ICAM-1

Minor group low density lipoprotein family of receptors

30
Q

Aetiology of H1N1 influenza A

A

Haemogglutinin binds 𝛂2,6 sialic acids

31
Q

Aetiology of H5N1 avian flu

A

Haemogglutinin binds 𝛂2,3 sialic acids

32
Q

Aetiology of SARS -CoV-2

A

Spike (S) protein binds Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

33
Q

Aetiology of respiratory syncytial virus

A

F and G proteins bind glycosaminoglycans in receptors like IGFR1 and nucleolin

34
Q

Influenza: reinfection by same strain, yes or no?

A

no

35
Q

RSV: reinfection by same strain, yes or no?

A

yes, recurrent reinfection with similar strains

36
Q

Why are influenza vaccines imperfect?

A

vaccine induced immunity rapidly wanes, mainly homotypic immunity, annual vaccination required

37
Q

Using H1N1 as an example, what causes severe disease?

A

highly pathogenic strains (zoonotic)
absence of prior immunity
predisposing illness/conditions

38
Q

What are interferons?

A

family of cytokines

39
Q

How are interferons grouped?

A

3 groups – type I (IFN-αs/IFN-βs), type II (IFN-γ), type III (IFN-λ)

40
Q

What immune cells provide long term protection after vaccination and natural infection?

A

B cells

41
Q

What is the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the developed world?

A

RSV bronchiolitis

42
Q

Risk factors for RSV bronchiolitis in children?

A

premature birth

congenital heart and lung disease

43
Q

Signs and symptoms of RSV bronchiolitis?

A

nasal flaring
hypoxemia and cyanosis
croupy cough
expiratory wheezing, prolonged expiration, rales and rhonchi, chest wall retractions, tachypnea with apneic episodes

44
Q

Describe the age dependance of RSV.

A

infant > RSV bronchiolitis
young child* > postbronchiolitic wheeze
child/adult* > exacerbation of asthma/COPD
elderly* > insidious respiratory illness

*colds due to (re)infection

45
Q

Treatment options for RSV

A

vaccines
monoclonal antibodies
anti-virals

46
Q

How many serotypes of RSV?

A

2

A, B

Cardiorespiratory (20 decks)

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