Vascular Disorders and Thrombosis I

Question 1

what is the interstitium and what is it composed of?

Answer 1

space outside cells
fluid and extracellular matrix

Question 2

what is effusion?

Answer 2

accumulation of fluid in a body cavity

Question 3

what is the difference between edema and effusion?

Answer 3

edema is excess fluid in interstitium
effusion is accumulation of fluid in body cavity

Question 4

what is different about pulmonary edema?

Answer 4

lungs will not collapse/deflate as expected
foam results from fluid mixing with surfactant as spills out

Question 5

what is ascites?

Answer 5

clinical term for abdominal effusion

Question 6

what is required for Starling’s equilibrium?

Answer 6

intact, functioning blood vessels
intact, functioning lymphatic vessels
adequate intravascular concentrations of serum protein- albumin

Question 7

what are the mechanisms of edema or effusion?

Answer 7

increased vascular permeability due to inflammation or direct vessel injury
decreased lymphatic drainage
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

is lymphatic blockage/decreased lymphatic drainage usually localized to a particular location?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

what can cause decreased albumin production?

Answer 9

liver disease
malnutrition
intestinal malabsorption

Question 10

how can you lose albumin leading to hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 10

glomerular disease
gastrointestinal disease
severe burns

Question 11

what can lead to increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure (three things)?

Answer 11

heart failure
venous compression/obstruction
portal hypertension

Question 12

what do you generally get from left-sided heart failure?

Answer 12

pulmonary edema

Question 13

is pleural effusion the same as pulmonary edema?

Answer 13

no!!!

Question 14

where is pleural effusion?

Answer 14

pleural cavity

Question 15

what is the prefix for an effusion that is composed of high triglycerides?

Answer 15

lymph so chylo- (chylothorax)

Question 16

what are exudates typically caused by?

Answer 16

inflammation

Question 17

what causes transudates?

Answer 17

increased hydrostatic pressure
low oncotic pressure

Question 18

what are the causes of chylous effusions?

Answer 18

leakage of lymph
left-sided heart failure in some cats
idiopathic

Question 19

what are the primary cells in chylous effusions?

Answer 19

lymphocytes at least at first

Question 20

what are the causes of hemorrhagic effusions?

Answer 20

trauma
ruptured tumors
altered hemostasis

Question 21

if a cat has opaque white effusion in the pleural space, what are the predominate cells?

Answer 21

lymphocytes

Question 22

is hyperemia an active or passive process?

Answer 22

active

Question 23

is congestion an active or passive process?

Answer 23

passive

Question 24

what colors distinguish hyperemia from congestion?

Answer 24

hyperemia is bright red
congestion is purple to nearly black

Question 25

can congestion and hyperemia occur at the same time?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

what causes focal or regional hemorrhage?

Answer 26

trauma rupture of tumor vessel injury associated with inflammation

Question 27

what are the terminologies for hemorrhage into a cavity?

Answer 27

hemothorax hemoadbomen hemopericardium

Question 28

what is hemorrhage into a synovial joint space?

Answer 28

hemarthrosis

Question 29

why does loss of blood cause problems?

Answer 29

hypoxia hypovolemic shock

Question 30

are higher metabolic rate organs more susceptible to hypoxic injury?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

what is the acute response in compensation to hemorrhage?

Answer 31

vasoconstriction platelet plug and clotting cascade

Question 32

what is the chronic response in compensation to hemorrhage?

Answer 32

formation new red blood cells, white blood cells, blood vessels, etc

Question 33

what is primary hemostasis?

Answer 33

initial vascular and platelet response: contraction of injured blood vessel formation platelet plug

Question 34

what is secondary hemostasis?

Answer 34

clot formation: firmer platelet plug with fibrin clot

Question 35

what is important in the platelets binding to the subendothelial matrix?

Answer 35

collagen, fibronectin, laminin, glycoproteins, proteoglycans von Willebrand factor

Question 36

what is the major initiator of secondary hemostasis?

Answer 36

exposure of tissue factor (III)

Question 37

what is the end goal of secondary hemostasis?

Answer 37

cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin (active form of prothrombin) fibrin self-polymerizes to form major structural protein of thrombus

Question 38

what factors in the coagulation cascade are dependent upon vitamin K?

Answer 38

II VII IX X

Question 39

what crosslinks the fibrin polymers to make them insoluble?

Answer 39

factor XIIIa

Question 40

what is thrombolysis?

Answer 40

enzymatic breakdown of thrombus

Question 41

what is fibrinolysis?

Answer 41

breakdown of fibrin specifically

Question 42

what is the major enzyme involved in thrombus removal/thrombolysis?

Answer 42

plasmin (active form plasminogen)

Question 43

what is the main trigger of the coagulation cascade in vivo?

Answer 43

exposure of subendothelial collagen

Question 44

what is pulmonary edema and what causes it?

Answer 44

lung tissue edema left-sided heart failure

Question 45

what is pleural effusion and what causes it?

Answer 45

pleural cavity effusion right-sided heart failure (except cats- can be left)