Neoplasia

Question 1

what makes a tumor malignant?

Answer 1

invades surrounding tissue and/or metastasizes to other sites in the body

Question 2

do benign tumors invade surrounding tissues or metastasize?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

what is in the initiation stage of a cell becoming a tumor?

Answer 3

irreversible alteration of genetic material

Question 4

what is the progression stage of a tumor becoming a tumor?

Answer 4

gradual development of features of malignancy
malignant transformation of benign tumor
hallmarks: genetic instability and tumor cell heterogeneity

Question 5

what is germline mutation?

Answer 5

heritable mutations transmitted to offspring and present in all cells

Question 6

what genetic change is predominantly responsible for tumor development?

Answer 6

driver mutation

Question 7

what is one thing noncoding RNA has an important role in?

Answer 7

gene expression regulation

Question 8

what are proto-oncogenes?

Answer 8

normal genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation

Question 9

what is an oncogene?

Answer 9

a proto-oncogene that is activated by overexpression or mutation

Question 10

what do cyclin-dependent kinases regulate?

Answer 10

progression of cell through cell cycle

Question 11

what can a mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase pathways lead to?

Answer 11

constitutive activation of growth promoting pathways

Question 12

what do tumor suppressor genes control?

Answer 12

cell cycle
apoptosis
DNA repair
other pathways

Question 13

can tumor suppressor genes prevent an oncogene from leading to cancer?

Answer 13

yes, if intact, through apoptosis

Question 14

what is the warburg effect?

Answer 14

even in ample oxygen, utilizes the glycolytic pathway
less energy produced, but provides metabolic intermediates needed to synthesize cellular components

Question 15

what is apoptosis induced by?

Answer 15

cellular stress, unregulated growth, hypoxia, misfolded proteins
p53 partially
chemotherapy and radiation

Question 16

what are some important properties of tumor vessels?

Answer 16

leaky and tortuous

Question 17

how many times can most normal cells divide before senescence?

Answer 17

60-70 times

Question 18

what can cancer cells express to avoid senescence?

Answer 18

telomerase
can also produce one stem cells after division

Question 19

what does the location of metastasis depend on?

Answer 19

tumor types, vascular drainage of tumor, tumor cell tropism to other tissues

Question 20

what is the innate immune response to cancer?

Answer 20

least specific but immediate
natural killer cells and macrophages

Question 21

what mediates the adaptive immune response to cancer?

Answer 21

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Question 22

what are the ways in which cancer cells can evade the immune system?

Answer 22

selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants
mutation of genes involved in antigen processing or MHC presentation
direct inhibition of T cells

Question 23

are M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 macrophages (anti-inflammatory) anti-tumor?

Answer 23

M1 macrophages

Question 24

what are the intrinsic mechanisms of carcinogenesis?

Answer 24

copying errors
chromosomal abnormalities

Question 25

what are the extrinsic mechanisms of carcinogenesis?

Answer 25

chemicals physical agents oncogenic viruses

Question 26

what are the direct effects of neoplasia?

Answer 26

pressure necrosis rupture, infarcts

Question 27

what are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia?

Answer 27

cachexia endocrinopathies skeletal vascular and hematologic neurologic gastrointestinal

Question 28

what are the characteristics of an ideal fixative?

Answer 28

completely penetrates tissue prior to decomposition preserves cellular morphology to allow for histologic analysis preserves molecular integrity to allow for target detection

Question 29

what is a malignant epithelial tumor called?

Answer 29

carcinoma

Question 30

what types of cells are in round cell tumors?

Answer 30

lymphocytes plasma cells mast cells dendritic cells hematopoietic cells

Question 31

what type of tumor are spindle cells found in?

Answer 31

mesenchymal tumors

Question 32

what are some contagious tumors?

Answer 32

cervical carcinoma in humans transmissible venereal tumor in canines devil facial tumor disease in Tasmanian Devils

Question 33

how is metastasis detection maximized in people?

Answer 33

sentinel lymph node mapped biopsy one step nucleic acid amplification

Question 34

what types of cancer are common in giant breed dogs?

Answer 34

osteosarcoma

Question 35

what types of cancer are common in boxers?

Answer 35

cutaneous mast cell tumor lymphoma hemangiosarcoma

Question 36

what types of cancer are common in brachycephalic dogs?

Answer 36

glioma

Question 37

what types of cancer are common in bernese mountain dogs?

Answer 37

histiocytic sarcoma

Question 38

what types of cancer are common in golden retrievers?

Answer 38

lymphoma hemangiosarcoma

Question 39

what types of cancer are common in cows, horses, and white cats?

Answer 39

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 40

what types of cancer are common in scottish terriers and beagles?

Answer 40

urothelial carcinoma

Question 41

what determines the grade of a malignant tumor?

Answer 41

degree of differentiation

Question 42

what determines the stage of a malignant tumor?

Answer 42

extent of spread

Question 43

what do cyclin-dependent kinases regulate?

Answer 43

progression of cell through cell cycle

Question 44

what is oncometabolism?

Answer 44

metabolic changes that lead to abnormal DNA methylation

Question 45

what does location of metastasis depend on?

Answer 45

tumor type vascular drainage of tumor tumor cell tropism to other tissues

Question 46

what are two examples of cancers that spread via body cavities?

Answer 46

carcinomatosis mesothelioma

Question 47

what is the dominant oncogene mechanism for oncogenic viruses?

Answer 47

virus transfers oncogene to cells infected by virus E6 and E7 in papillomavirus that suppress p53 protein

Question 48

what is cytology better at than histology?

Answer 48

fine nuclear and cellular details

Question 49

what is most commonly used in preserving tissue?

Answer 49

10% neutral buffered formalin

Question 50

where is it best to take a sample of a tumor that is in a larger organ, both of which are large?

Answer 50

at interface between tumor and tissue: least likely to be necrotic and newest

Question 51

what are the components of a tissue biopsy report?

Answer 51

differentiation pleomorphism and mitoses invasiveness and vascular invasion margins

Question 52

what are the histopathologic features of malignancy?

Answer 52

anisocytosis/ansiokaryosis increased mitoses multiple and prominent nucleoli loss of specialized cell structures loss of normal tissue architecture vascular or surrounding tissue invasion

Question 53

true/false: cancer cells produce two daughter cells when they divide

Answer 53

not always, can produce a stem cell