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General Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what makes a tumor malignant?

A

invades surrounding tissue and/or metastasizes to other sites in the body

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2
Q

do benign tumors invade surrounding tissues or metastasize?

A

no

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3
Q

what is in the initiation stage of a cell becoming a tumor?

A

irreversible alteration of genetic material

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4
Q

what is the progression stage of a tumor becoming a tumor?

A

gradual development of features of malignancy
malignant transformation of benign tumor
hallmarks: genetic instability and tumor cell heterogeneity

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5
Q

what is germline mutation?

A

heritable mutations transmitted to offspring and present in all cells

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6
Q

what genetic change is predominantly responsible for tumor development?

A

driver mutation

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7
Q

what is one thing noncoding RNA has an important role in?

A

gene expression regulation

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8
Q

what are proto-oncogenes?

A

normal genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation

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9
Q

what is an oncogene?

A

a proto-oncogene that is activated by overexpression or mutation

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10
Q

what do cyclin-dependent kinases regulate?

A

progression of cell through cell cycle

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11
Q

what can a mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase pathways lead to?

A

constitutive activation of growth promoting pathways

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12
Q

what do tumor suppressor genes control?

A

cell cycle
apoptosis
DNA repair
other pathways

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13
Q

can tumor suppressor genes prevent an oncogene from leading to cancer?

A

yes, if intact, through apoptosis

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14
Q

what is the warburg effect?

A

even in ample oxygen, utilizes the glycolytic pathway
less energy produced, but provides metabolic intermediates needed to synthesize cellular components

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15
Q

what is apoptosis induced by?

A

cellular stress, unregulated growth, hypoxia, misfolded proteins
p53 partially
chemotherapy and radiation

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16
Q

what are some important properties of tumor vessels?

A

leaky and tortuous

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17
Q

how many times can most normal cells divide before senescence?

A

60-70 times

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18
Q

what can cancer cells express to avoid senescence?

A

telomerase
can also produce one stem cells after division

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19
Q

what does the location of metastasis depend on?

A

tumor types, vascular drainage of tumor, tumor cell tropism to other tissues

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20
Q

what is the innate immune response to cancer?

A

least specific but immediate
natural killer cells and macrophages

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21
Q

what mediates the adaptive immune response to cancer?

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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22
Q

what are the ways in which cancer cells can evade the immune system?

A

selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants
mutation of genes involved in antigen processing or MHC presentation
direct inhibition of T cells

23
Q

are M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 macrophages (anti-inflammatory) anti-tumor?

A

M1 macrophages

24
Q

what are the intrinsic mechanisms of carcinogenesis?

A

copying errors
chromosomal abnormalities

25
Q

what are the extrinsic mechanisms of carcinogenesis?

A

chemicals
physical agents
oncogenic viruses

26
Q

what are the direct effects of neoplasia?

A

pressure necrosis
rupture, infarcts

27
Q

what are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia?

A

cachexia
endocrinopathies
skeletal
vascular and hematologic
neurologic
gastrointestinal

28
Q

what are the characteristics of an ideal fixative?

A

completely penetrates tissue prior to decomposition
preserves cellular morphology to allow for histologic analysis
preserves molecular integrity to allow for target detection

29
Q

what is a malignant epithelial tumor called?

A

carcinoma

30
Q

what types of cells are in round cell tumors?

A

lymphocytes
plasma cells
mast cells
dendritic cells
hematopoietic cells

31
Q

what type of tumor are spindle cells found in?

A

mesenchymal tumors

32
Q

what are some contagious tumors?

A

cervical carcinoma in humans
transmissible venereal tumor in canines
devil facial tumor disease in Tasmanian Devils

33
Q

how is metastasis detection maximized in people?

A

sentinel lymph node mapped biopsy
one step nucleic acid amplification

34
Q

what types of cancer are common in giant breed dogs?

A

osteosarcoma

35
Q

what types of cancer are common in boxers?

A

cutaneous mast cell tumor
lymphoma
hemangiosarcoma

36
Q

what types of cancer are common in brachycephalic dogs?

A

glioma

37
Q

what types of cancer are common in bernese mountain dogs?

A

histiocytic sarcoma

38
Q

what types of cancer are common in golden retrievers?

A

lymphoma
hemangiosarcoma

39
Q

what types of cancer are common in cows, horses, and white cats?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

40
Q

what types of cancer are common in scottish terriers and beagles?

A

urothelial carcinoma

41
Q

what determines the grade of a malignant tumor?

A

degree of differentiation

42
Q

what determines the stage of a malignant tumor?

A

extent of spread

43
Q

what do cyclin-dependent kinases regulate?

A

progression of cell through cell cycle

44
Q

what is oncometabolism?

A

metabolic changes that lead to abnormal DNA methylation

45
Q

what does location of metastasis depend on?

A

tumor type
vascular drainage of tumor
tumor cell tropism to other tissues

46
Q

what are two examples of cancers that spread via body cavities?

A

carcinomatosis
mesothelioma

47
Q

what is the dominant oncogene mechanism for oncogenic viruses?

A

virus transfers oncogene to cells infected by virus
E6 and E7 in papillomavirus that suppress p53 protein

48
Q

what is cytology better at than histology?

A

fine nuclear and cellular details

49
Q

what is most commonly used in preserving tissue?

A

10% neutral buffered formalin

50
Q

where is it best to take a sample of a tumor that is in a larger organ, both of which are large?

A

at interface between tumor and tissue: least likely to be necrotic and newest

51
Q

what are the components of a tissue biopsy report?

A

differentiation
pleomorphism and mitoses
invasiveness and vascular invasion
margins

52
Q

what are the histopathologic features of malignancy?

A

anisocytosis/ansiokaryosis
increased mitoses
multiple and prominent nucleoli
loss of specialized cell structures
loss of normal tissue architecture
vascular or surrounding tissue invasion

53
Q

true/false: cancer cells produce two daughter cells when they divide

A

not always, can produce a stem cell

General Pathology (9 decks)

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