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General Pathology > Cell Death > Flashcards

Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of severe nuclear changes associated with cellular death?

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis

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2
Q

what is pyknosis?

A

severe condensation of chromatin
basophilia

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3
Q

what is karyorrhexis?

A

nuclear fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus

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4
Q

what is karyolysis?

A

nuclear dissolution
swollen

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5
Q

what are the six parts of irreversible injury?

A

increased cell swelling
disruption lysosomes
breaking of membranes (mitochondria and cellular)
detachments of ribosomes from rER
cytoplasmic blebs
severe nuclear changes

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6
Q

what are key parts of a cell moving from injury to irreversible?

A

ischemia
disruption intracellular calcium
switch to glycolysis

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7
Q

are there histologic changes with acute cell death?

A

not necessarily

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8
Q

what are the cytoplasmic changes associated with necrosis?

A

swelling
fragmentation
hypereosinophilia

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9
Q

what do necrotic cells do histologically?

A

increased eosinophilia in cytoplasm
lose adherence with adjacent cells
can calcify

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10
Q

what happens in coagulative necrosis?

A

denaturation of proteins
cellular architecture retained

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11
Q

what is coagulative necrosis usually due to (physiologic states)?

A

hypoxia
ischemia
acute toxicity

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12
Q

what is the gross appearance of coagulative necrosis?

A

pale tan-gray, sharply demarcated, solid

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13
Q

what happens in liquefactive necrosis?

A

necrotic debris converted into fluid phase- no tissue architecture
loss gross or histologic tissue architecture

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14
Q

what type of necrosis is typical of focal bacterial or fungal infections?

A

liquefactive necrosis

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15
Q

what type(s) of necrosis occur in the CNS?

A

liquefactive only

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16
Q

what is caseous necrosis typical of?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis or related bacteria

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17
Q

what is the necrotic debris of caseous necrosis composed of?

A

dead white blood cells, poorly degraded lipids

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18
Q

true/false: caseous necrosis is often walled off with a ring of fibrous tissue and/or macrophages

A

true

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19
Q

what are the types of fat necrosis?

A

pancreatic
nutritional
traumatic
idiopathic

20
Q

what are the two types of gangrenous necrosis?

A

dry and wet

21
Q

what is dry gangrenous necrosis?

A

coagulation necrosis and mummification
extremities

22
Q

what is wet gangrenous necrosis from?

A

invasion/putrefaction of necrotic tissue from saprophytic bacteria

23
Q

where does wet gangrenous necrosis develop?

A

tissues that retain moisture and warmth

24
Q

where is fibrinoid necrosis seen?

A

vascular walls

25
Q

what are the possible causes of fibrinoid necrosis?

A

infectious
noninfectious (immune mediated…)
shock

26
Q

what happens to the plasma membrane in apoptosis?

A

it remains intact

27
Q

what clears apoptotic cell fragments?

A

phagocytes

28
Q

is there inflammation with apoptosis?

A

no

29
Q

what initiates apoptosis in cancer?

A

tumor suppressor gene p53 in response to damage
mutations in p53 lead to cancer

30
Q

what is the appearance of an apoptotic cell?

A

single cell or small cluster
cell shrinkage
chromatin condensation
formation cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies

31
Q

what is part of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

A

mitochondrial: cytochrome c, protein misfolding
proteins that maintain mitochondrial permeability

32
Q

what pathway to apoptosis involves a death ligand and receptor?

A

extrinsic apoptotic pathway

33
Q

what are the nuclear characteristics of necrosis?

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis

34
Q

what are the nuclear characteristics of apoptosis?

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis

35
Q

what are the general features of necrosis?

A

inflammation unless hyperacute
loss of adherence
nuclear changes
calcification
cytoplasmic changes

36
Q

where is coagulative necrosis classically seen?

A

kidney
liver
muscle

37
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis mediated by?

A

inflammatory cell enzymes
neutrophils, macrophages

38
Q

what is pancreatic fat necrosis?

A

pancreatic enzymes cause release of fatty acids from dying adipocytes

39
Q

what causes nutritional fat necrosis?

A

vitamin E deficiency

40
Q

what type of necrosis is dry gangrenous necrosis?

A

coagulative

41
Q

what is autophagy?

A

when a cell digests its own organelles

42
Q

what is it called when necrotic debris calcifies (especially in caseous necrosis)?

A

dystrophic calcification

43
Q

dry gangrenous necrosis develops in extremities that have undergone ____________________, i.e. frostbite, fescue toxicity

A

coagulation necrosis

44
Q

how is necrosis healed?

A

complete restitution or fibrosis

45
Q

what can pathologic apoptosis be from?

A

radiation
anti-neoplastic drugs
viruses
cell death in tumors
misfolded proteins
DNA damage

46
Q

what nuclear change is unique to necrosis?

A

karyolysis is only in necrosis, not in apoptosis

General Pathology (9 decks)

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