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General Pathology > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells try to adapt if they cannot return to homeostasis?

A

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
metaplasia
atrophy

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2
Q

what structures are the most vulnerable in the cell?

A

mitochondria
membranes
protein synthesis
cytoskeleton
genetic apparatus
appendices

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3
Q

what do ischemia or reduced circulating oxygen lead to?

A

hypoxic cell injury

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4
Q

what are the physical agents that can cause cell injury?

A

trauma
temperature
ionizing radiation
electricity

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5
Q

what are the different parts of nutritional imbalance that can cause cell injury?

A

starvation or hypoglycemia
obesity
vitamins and minerals

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6
Q

why is it important that often a metabolized intermediate of a chemical, drug, or toxin is the acting toxin?

A

basis for selective liver/kidney toxicity

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7
Q

what are two examples of immune responses invoking physiologic responses that damage cells?

A

anaphylaxis
suppurative necrosis

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8
Q

what causes age-related cell injury?

A

accumulation undigested cell products
telomere shortening
cumulative environmental stress maybe

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9
Q

what happens if the cell loses the Na/K pump?

A

sodium accumulates inside cell, potassium is lost
cell swelling

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10
Q

what leads to an influx of intracellular calcium?

A

depletion ATP
calcium pumps dependent upon ATP
leads to mitochondrial permeability transition

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11
Q

what does the mitochondria leak after taking damage from the influx of calcium, oxidative stress, and enzymatic damage to the phospholipid membrane?

A

cytochrome C which promotes apoptosis

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12
Q

why does anaerobic glycolysis after the ATP is depleted cause problems?

A

lactic acid builds up
ribosomes dissociate
free radical formation

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13
Q

what leads to the increased free radicals?

A

overwhelmed reactive oxygen species scavaging systems

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14
Q

what controls free radicals?

A

antioxidants
iron and copper binding proteins

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15
Q

what enzyme is important in free radical scavenging?

A

glutathione peroxidase

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16
Q

what are the results of free radical accumulation?

A

lipid peroxidation
DNA lesions
protein modification

17
Q

what are two examples of membrane toxins?

A

bacterial hemolysin
complement granzyme

18
Q

what is the Unfolded Protein Response?

A

upregulation of genes for protein folding
prolonged UPR activation: oxidative stress and cell death (reactive oxygen species)

19
Q

what is the earliest indicator of non-lethal, potentially reversible cell injury?

A

hydropic degeneration

20
Q

what is steatosis?

A

fatty change (reversible cell injury)

21
Q

what can lead to hypoxic cell injury?

A

ischemia
reduced circulating oxygen
respiratory chain failure

22
Q

what can lead to reduced circulating oxygen?

A

anemia
carbon monoxide
heart disease

23
Q

what can electricity do to cells?

A

cell injury:
impaired pumps and signaling
vascular injury: delayed fulminant pulmonary edema

24
Q

where might chemicals, drugs, and toxins attack in the cell?

A

membranes
receptors
ion exchange pumps
mitochondria

25
Q

what causes an increase in misfolded proteins?

A

environmental factors
excessive nitric oxide
reactive oxygen species

26
Q

what can cause ischemia?

A

thrombosis/thromboembolism
hypotension

27
Q

what are the especially vulnerable cell populations to hypoxic cell injury?

A

neurons
hepatocytes
cardiac myocytes
renal tubular epithelium
others

28
Q

what are the two methods for immune-mediated injury?

A

immune cells attack other cells or their products directly
immune response may invoke a physiologic response that damages cells

29
Q

what are the antioxidants that help control free radicals?

A

vitamin E
selenium
vitamin A
ascorbic acid
glutathione

30
Q

what are the iron and copper binding proteins?

A

transferrin
ferritin
lactoferrin
ceruloplasmin

31
Q

how do free radicals hinder the membranes?

A

attack double bonds in fatty acids
produce peroxides which further destabilize

32
Q

how do free radicals modify proteins?

A

oxidize amino acid side chains
protein-protein cross linkages
oxidize protein backbone

33
Q

what can mediate protein misfolding?

A

environmental factors
excessive nitric oxide
reactive oxygen species

34
Q

what can cause steatosis?

A

metabolic injury
toxins
hypoxia

General Pathology (9 decks)

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