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General Pathology > Cellular Accumulations > Flashcards

Cellular Accumulations Flashcards

1
Q

where can accumulations be?

A

intracellular (cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus)
extracellular

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2
Q

what induces fatty liver in animals?

A

anorexia

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3
Q

where do lipids accumulate (organ)?

A

liver especially
less often heart, muscle, kidney (cats)

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4
Q

why does anorexia lead to fatty liver?

A

too many lipids mobilized from stores
animal not eating enough protein

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5
Q

can a hepatic liver with lipidosis be identified grossly?

A

yes: enlarged, rounded edges, greasy, yellow and friable

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6
Q

is a hemoabdomen possible with hepatic lipidosis?

A

yes, not uncommon

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7
Q

what are the lab abnormalities associated with hepatic lipidosis?

A

increased bilirubin, hepatocyte leakage enzymes (ALT, AST), cholestasis (bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase)

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8
Q

what else can be accumulated other than lipids?

A

glycogen

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9
Q

where does glycogen accumulate excessively?

A

hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells, renal tubular epithelium

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10
Q

what are the common diseases of glycogen accumulation?

A

canine steroid (vacuolar) hepatopathy
diabetes mellitus

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11
Q

what does excessive synthesis of immunoglobulins lead to?

A

russell bodies in plasma cells
mott cells

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12
Q

can pigment accumulations be exogenous and/or endogenous?

A

both

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13
Q

what is the most common exogenous pigment?

A

carbon/dust

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14
Q

what scavenges carbon/dust?

A

macrophages

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15
Q

where are carotenoids found and what do they do to the coloring of fat, plasma, and lipid-laden cells?

A

leafy green plants
impart yellow color

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16
Q

what causes black dentin, enamel, and cementum?

A

tetracyclines and fluoride

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17
Q

what is hemosiderosis?

A

excessive deposits of ferritin due to increased red blood cell destruction

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18
Q

what is hemosiderin?

A

accumulations of ferritin converted to granules

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19
Q

what causes intravascular hemolysis in cattle?

A

nitrate poisoning

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20
Q

what does copper toxicity in sheep lead to?

A

intravascular toxicity
dark red to chocolate brown color of tissues
fat yellow

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21
Q

what does maple leaf toxicity in horses cause?

A

intravascular hemolysis
dark red to chocolate brown color of tissues
fat yellow

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22
Q

what leads to pigment nephropathy?

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin filtered, taken up by proximal tubules, iron causes cell damage

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23
Q

what is a parasite that causes hematogenous pigment: hematin?

A

fasciola/fascioloides in ruminant liver

24
Q

do you normally see bile in the liver?

A

no, if can see might have bile plugs in canaliculi

25
Q

true/false: free unconjugated bilirubin can cross cell membranes and be toxic

A

true

26
Q

what does free unconjugated bilirubin damage lead to?

A

hepatocyte injury
bilirubin neurotoxicity
nephrotoxicity

27
Q

where can viral inclusions be?

A

nuclear
cytoplasmic
nuclear and cytoplasmic

28
Q

what is amyloidosis from?

A

misfolded proteins or peptide fragments

29
Q

what is special about amyloidosis in the proteins?

A

form cross beta sheets: resist degradation

30
Q

what is AL amyloid from?

A

immunoglobulin chains produced by plasma cells

31
Q

what are the two sources of AA amyloid?

A

hepatocytes in chronic inflammation: serum amyloid A to liver, kidney, spleen
hereditary/familial: shar-peis and abyssinians: renal medulla, renal glomeruli, maybe liver

32
Q

what is islet amyloid peptide?

A

peptide made by pancreatic islet beta cells in cats

33
Q

what leads to uric acid crystals in birds and reptiles?

A

decreased glomerular filtration rate
causes inflammation and fibrosis

34
Q

what is artherosclerosis?

A

cholesterol clefts
lipids elicit inflammation- granulomatous

35
Q

what are the two forms of calcification?

A

dystrophic
metastatic

36
Q

what is dystrophic calcification?

A

deposition of calcium locally in dying tissues

37
Q

what is metastatic calcification?

A

deposition calcium in otherwise healthy tissues: hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

38
Q

what type of necrosis is NOT associated with dystrophic calcification?

A

liquefactive

39
Q

what is cutaneous (dystrophic) calcification?

A

calcinosis circumscripta: repetitive trauma, common is german shepherds and great danes

40
Q

what diseases/states cause metastatic calcification?

A

renal failure
neoplasm producing parahormone and hormone
neoplasm producing PTH-related protein
vitamin D toxicosis

41
Q

is dystrophic calcification associated with hypercalcemia?

A

no

42
Q

are storage diseases reversible?

A

no, progressive and ultimately fatal
cellular accumulations usually are

43
Q

what substances can be extracellular accumulations?

A

amyloid
fibrin/hyaline material
gout
cholesterol
mineralization/calcification

44
Q

how does canine steroid hepatopathy induce glycogen accumulation?

A

glucocorticoids induce glycogen synthetase
hydropic degeneration

45
Q

what does cyanide poisoning do to blood?

A

impairs oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, so tissues cannot utilize oxygen
bright red venous blood

46
Q

what is hepatic icterus?

A

reduced uptake by hepatocytes
impaired conjugation and decreased excretion in bile

47
Q

what is pre hepatic icterus?

A

hemolysis

48
Q

what is lipofuscin?

A

from peroxidation of cell membranes
brown pigment granules

49
Q

where is lipofuscin primarily found?

A

hepatocytes
cardiac myocytes
neurons

50
Q

what does vitamin D toxicosis do?

A

increases both calcium and phosphorous rapidly

51
Q

what are the intracellular accumulations?

A

lipid
glycogen
protein
pigments
viral inclusions
undigested material

52
Q

what are some examples of protein accumulations?

A

resorption droplets in kidney with proteinuria
resorption droplets in GI of neonates ingesting colostrum
excessive production of normal proteins
protein folding defects

53
Q

in what conditions can russell bodies in plasma cells be seen?

A

multiple myeloma
chronic inflammatory conditions

54
Q

where do Ca/Phos salts deposit during hypercalcemia/hyperphosphatemia?

A

basement membrane of:
blood vessels
gastric mucosa
kidney
lung: alveoli
adrenal gland

55
Q

what does ingestion of calcinogenic plants cause?

A

vitamin D toxicosis: heart, vessels, and lung targeted

56
Q

where are heterotopic bones and osseous metaplasia common?

A

canine mammary tumors
can be part of chronic soft tissue lesion

General Pathology (9 decks)

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