Cellular Accumulations

Question 1

where can accumulations be?

Answer 1

intracellular (cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus)
extracellular

Question 2

what induces fatty liver in animals?

Answer 2

anorexia

Question 3

where do lipids accumulate (organ)?

Answer 3

liver especially
less often heart, muscle, kidney (cats)

Question 4

why does anorexia lead to fatty liver?

Answer 4

too many lipids mobilized from stores
animal not eating enough protein

Question 5

can a hepatic liver with lipidosis be identified grossly?

Answer 5

yes: enlarged, rounded edges, greasy, yellow and friable

Question 6

is a hemoabdomen possible with hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 6

yes, not uncommon

Question 7

what are the lab abnormalities associated with hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 7

increased bilirubin, hepatocyte leakage enzymes (ALT, AST), cholestasis (bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase)

Question 8

what else can be accumulated other than lipids?

Answer 8

glycogen

Question 9

where does glycogen accumulate excessively?

Answer 9

hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells, renal tubular epithelium

Question 10

what are the common diseases of glycogen accumulation?

Answer 10

canine steroid (vacuolar) hepatopathy
diabetes mellitus

Question 11

what does excessive synthesis of immunoglobulins lead to?

Answer 11

russell bodies in plasma cells
mott cells

Question 12

can pigment accumulations be exogenous and/or endogenous?

Answer 12

both

Question 13

what is the most common exogenous pigment?

Answer 13

carbon/dust

Question 14

what scavenges carbon/dust?

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

where are carotenoids found and what do they do to the coloring of fat, plasma, and lipid-laden cells?

Answer 15

leafy green plants
impart yellow color

Question 16

what causes black dentin, enamel, and cementum?

Answer 16

tetracyclines and fluoride

Question 17

what is hemosiderosis?

Answer 17

excessive deposits of ferritin due to increased red blood cell destruction

Question 18

what is hemosiderin?

Answer 18

accumulations of ferritin converted to granules

Question 19

what causes intravascular hemolysis in cattle?

Answer 19

nitrate poisoning

Question 20

what does copper toxicity in sheep lead to?

Answer 20

intravascular toxicity
dark red to chocolate brown color of tissues
fat yellow

Question 21

what does maple leaf toxicity in horses cause?

Answer 21

intravascular hemolysis
dark red to chocolate brown color of tissues
fat yellow

Question 22

what leads to pigment nephropathy?

Answer 22

hemoglobin and myoglobin filtered, taken up by proximal tubules, iron causes cell damage

Question 23

what is a parasite that causes hematogenous pigment: hematin?

Answer 23

fasciola/fascioloides in ruminant liver

Question 24

do you normally see bile in the liver?

Answer 24

no, if can see might have bile plugs in canaliculi

Question 25

true/false: free unconjugated bilirubin can cross cell membranes and be toxic

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what does free unconjugated bilirubin damage lead to?

Answer 26

hepatocyte injury bilirubin neurotoxicity nephrotoxicity

Question 27

where can viral inclusions be?

Answer 27

nuclear cytoplasmic nuclear and cytoplasmic

Question 28

what is amyloidosis from?

Answer 28

misfolded proteins or peptide fragments

Question 29

what is special about amyloidosis in the proteins?

Answer 29

form cross beta sheets: resist degradation

Question 30

what is AL amyloid from?

Answer 30

immunoglobulin chains produced by plasma cells

Question 31

what are the two sources of AA amyloid?

Answer 31

hepatocytes in chronic inflammation: serum amyloid A to liver, kidney, spleen hereditary/familial: shar-peis and abyssinians: renal medulla, renal glomeruli, maybe liver

Question 32

what is islet amyloid peptide?

Answer 32

peptide made by pancreatic islet beta cells in cats

Question 33

what leads to uric acid crystals in birds and reptiles?

Answer 33

decreased glomerular filtration rate causes inflammation and fibrosis

Question 34

what is artherosclerosis?

Answer 34

cholesterol clefts lipids elicit inflammation- granulomatous

Question 35

what are the two forms of calcification?

Answer 35

dystrophic metastatic

Question 36

what is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 36

deposition of calcium locally in dying tissues

Question 37

what is metastatic calcification?

Answer 37

deposition calcium in otherwise healthy tissues: hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

Question 38

what type of necrosis is NOT associated with dystrophic calcification?

Answer 38

liquefactive

Question 39

what is cutaneous (dystrophic) calcification?

Answer 39

calcinosis circumscripta: repetitive trauma, common is german shepherds and great danes

Question 40

what diseases/states cause metastatic calcification?

Answer 40

renal failure neoplasm producing parahormone and hormone neoplasm producing PTH-related protein vitamin D toxicosis

Question 41

is dystrophic calcification associated with hypercalcemia?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

are storage diseases reversible?

Answer 42

no, progressive and ultimately fatal cellular accumulations usually are

Question 43

what substances can be extracellular accumulations?

Answer 43

amyloid fibrin/hyaline material gout cholesterol mineralization/calcification

Question 44

how does canine steroid hepatopathy induce glycogen accumulation?

Answer 44

glucocorticoids induce glycogen synthetase hydropic degeneration

Question 45

what does cyanide poisoning do to blood?

Answer 45

impairs oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, so tissues cannot utilize oxygen bright red venous blood

Question 46

what is hepatic icterus?

Answer 46

reduced uptake by hepatocytes impaired conjugation and decreased excretion in bile

Question 47

what is pre hepatic icterus?

Answer 47

hemolysis

Question 48

what is lipofuscin?

Answer 48

from peroxidation of cell membranes brown pigment granules

Question 49

where is lipofuscin primarily found?

Answer 49

hepatocytes cardiac myocytes neurons

Question 50

what does vitamin D toxicosis do?

Answer 50

increases both calcium and phosphorous rapidly

Question 51

what are the intracellular accumulations?

Answer 51

lipid glycogen protein pigments viral inclusions undigested material

Question 52

what are some examples of protein accumulations?

Answer 52

resorption droplets in kidney with proteinuria resorption droplets in GI of neonates ingesting colostrum excessive production of normal proteins protein folding defects

Question 53

in what conditions can russell bodies in plasma cells be seen?

Answer 53

multiple myeloma chronic inflammatory conditions

Question 54

where do Ca/Phos salts deposit during hypercalcemia/hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 54

basement membrane of: blood vessels gastric mucosa kidney lung: alveoli adrenal gland

Question 55

what does ingestion of calcinogenic plants cause?

Answer 55

vitamin D toxicosis: heart, vessels, and lung targeted

Question 56

where are heterotopic bones and osseous metaplasia common?

Answer 56

canine mammary tumors can be part of chronic soft tissue lesion