Cellular Accumulations Flashcards
where can accumulations be?
intracellular (cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus)
extracellular
what induces fatty liver in animals?
anorexia
where do lipids accumulate (organ)?
liver especially
less often heart, muscle, kidney (cats)
why does anorexia lead to fatty liver?
too many lipids mobilized from stores
animal not eating enough protein
can a hepatic liver with lipidosis be identified grossly?
yes: enlarged, rounded edges, greasy, yellow and friable
is a hemoabdomen possible with hepatic lipidosis?
yes, not uncommon
what are the lab abnormalities associated with hepatic lipidosis?
increased bilirubin, hepatocyte leakage enzymes (ALT, AST), cholestasis (bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase)
what else can be accumulated other than lipids?
glycogen
where does glycogen accumulate excessively?
hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells, renal tubular epithelium
what are the common diseases of glycogen accumulation?
canine steroid (vacuolar) hepatopathy
diabetes mellitus
what does excessive synthesis of immunoglobulins lead to?
russell bodies in plasma cells
mott cells
can pigment accumulations be exogenous and/or endogenous?
both
what is the most common exogenous pigment?
carbon/dust
what scavenges carbon/dust?
macrophages
where are carotenoids found and what do they do to the coloring of fat, plasma, and lipid-laden cells?
leafy green plants
impart yellow color
what causes black dentin, enamel, and cementum?
tetracyclines and fluoride
what is hemosiderosis?
excessive deposits of ferritin due to increased red blood cell destruction
what is hemosiderin?
accumulations of ferritin converted to granules
what causes intravascular hemolysis in cattle?
nitrate poisoning
what does copper toxicity in sheep lead to?
intravascular toxicity
dark red to chocolate brown color of tissues
fat yellow
what does maple leaf toxicity in horses cause?
intravascular hemolysis
dark red to chocolate brown color of tissues
fat yellow
what leads to pigment nephropathy?
hemoglobin and myoglobin filtered, taken up by proximal tubules, iron causes cell damage
what is a parasite that causes hematogenous pigment: hematin?
fasciola/fascioloides in ruminant liver
do you normally see bile in the liver?
no, if can see might have bile plugs in canaliculi
true/false: free unconjugated bilirubin can cross cell membranes and be toxic
true
what does free unconjugated bilirubin damage lead to?
hepatocyte injury
bilirubin neurotoxicity
nephrotoxicity
where can viral inclusions be?
nuclear
cytoplasmic
nuclear and cytoplasmic
what is amyloidosis from?
misfolded proteins or peptide fragments
what is special about amyloidosis in the proteins?
form cross beta sheets: resist degradation
what is AL amyloid from?
immunoglobulin chains produced by plasma cells
what are the two sources of AA amyloid?
hepatocytes in chronic inflammation: serum amyloid A to liver, kidney, spleen
hereditary/familial: shar-peis and abyssinians: renal medulla, renal glomeruli, maybe liver
what is islet amyloid peptide?
peptide made by pancreatic islet beta cells in cats
what leads to uric acid crystals in birds and reptiles?
decreased glomerular filtration rate
causes inflammation and fibrosis
what is artherosclerosis?
cholesterol clefts
lipids elicit inflammation- granulomatous
what are the two forms of calcification?
dystrophic
metastatic
what is dystrophic calcification?
deposition of calcium locally in dying tissues
what is metastatic calcification?
deposition calcium in otherwise healthy tissues: hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
what type of necrosis is NOT associated with dystrophic calcification?
liquefactive
what is cutaneous (dystrophic) calcification?
calcinosis circumscripta: repetitive trauma, common is german shepherds and great danes
what diseases/states cause metastatic calcification?
renal failure
neoplasm producing parahormone and hormone
neoplasm producing PTH-related protein
vitamin D toxicosis
is dystrophic calcification associated with hypercalcemia?
no
are storage diseases reversible?
no, progressive and ultimately fatal
cellular accumulations usually are
what substances can be extracellular accumulations?
amyloid
fibrin/hyaline material
gout
cholesterol
mineralization/calcification
how does canine steroid hepatopathy induce glycogen accumulation?
glucocorticoids induce glycogen synthetase
hydropic degeneration
what does cyanide poisoning do to blood?
impairs oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, so tissues cannot utilize oxygen
bright red venous blood
what is hepatic icterus?
reduced uptake by hepatocytes
impaired conjugation and decreased excretion in bile
what is pre hepatic icterus?
hemolysis
what is lipofuscin?
from peroxidation of cell membranes
brown pigment granules
where is lipofuscin primarily found?
hepatocytes
cardiac myocytes
neurons
what does vitamin D toxicosis do?
increases both calcium and phosphorous rapidly
what are the intracellular accumulations?
lipid
glycogen
protein
pigments
viral inclusions
undigested material
what are some examples of protein accumulations?
resorption droplets in kidney with proteinuria
resorption droplets in GI of neonates ingesting colostrum
excessive production of normal proteins
protein folding defects
in what conditions can russell bodies in plasma cells be seen?
multiple myeloma
chronic inflammatory conditions
where do Ca/Phos salts deposit during hypercalcemia/hyperphosphatemia?
basement membrane of:
blood vessels
gastric mucosa
kidney
lung: alveoli
adrenal gland
what does ingestion of calcinogenic plants cause?
vitamin D toxicosis: heart, vessels, and lung targeted
where are heterotopic bones and osseous metaplasia common?
canine mammary tumors
can be part of chronic soft tissue lesion
