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Vascular Diseases and Shock Flashcards

1
Q

what is leakage due to a break in the blood vessel

A

hemorrhage

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2
Q

what is outpouching of the vascular wall

A

aneurysm

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3
Q

what is clot formation inside of a vessel; takes place in arteries and veins

A

thrombosis

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4
Q

what are some causes of thrombosis

A

blood flow irregularity, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability

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5
Q

the results of this disorder can lead to ischemia ( reduced blood flow) and infarction ( absence of blood flow)

A

thrombosis

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6
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad

A

three different categories that can contribute to a thrombus-> hypercoagulable state, circulatory stasis, and vascular wall injury

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7
Q

term for predisposition towards clotting; congenital or acquired

A

hypercoagulability

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8
Q

what are the risk factors for hypercoagulability

A

smoking***, age, pregnancy, obesity, antiphospholipid syndrome, and dehydration

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9
Q

this is an autoimmune disease where Ab are formed against the phospholipid bilayer ; there are blood tests we can look at to see if a pt has this prob or not

A

antiphospholipid syndrome

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10
Q

what is the cause of arterial thrombosis

A

atherosclerosis

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11
Q

what are some effects of arterial thrombosis

A

MI and stroke

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12
Q

what are the most preventable risk factors for arterial thrombosis

A

smoking, HTN, and cholesterol

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13
Q

What are some Tx options for arterial thrombosis

A

lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery ( Angioplasty, CAB, endarterectomy)

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14
Q

what are some associations with venous thrombosis

A

venous stasis and hypercoagulability

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15
Q

what is the usual location of a venous thrombosis

A

deep veins

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16
Q

what are the effects of venous thrombosis

A

local pain and swelling and pulmonary embolism

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17
Q

what are some tx options for venous thrombosis

A

anticoagulants

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18
Q

what are the risk factors for venous thrombosis

A

definitely related to hormone and pregnancy, and also oral contraceptives

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19
Q

what are some ocular manifestations of venous thrombosis

A

papilledema, BRVO, and CRVO

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20
Q

papilledema is a sign of ______

A

increased IOP

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21
Q

which type of vessel occlusion has blood leakage in all four quadrants of the retina

A

central retinal vein occlusion

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22
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis associated with

A

immobilization and hypercoagulability

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23
Q

where does deep vein thrombosis usually occur

A

lower veins of the leg

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24
Q

what are some complications of deep vein thrombosis

A

local pain and swelling and pulmonary embolism

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25
what are some possible outcomes of venous thrombosis
resolution. embolization to lungs, organized and incorporated into the wall, and organized and recanalized
26
what is a dislodged thrombus called; can be fatal ( coronary embolism, embolic stroke, pulmonary embolism)
thromboembolism
27
what is an association of thromboembolism
venous thrombosis ***, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation. valvular disease, and artificial valves
28
what are pulmonary embolism associated with
deep vein thrombosis
29
what are some symptoms of pulmonary embolism
shortness of breath *, hemoptysis ( coughing up blood), and sharp chest pain
30
what are tx options for pulmonary embolism
anticoagulation. treat underlying conditions
31
what is caused by high pressure vessels and is localized thinning of the arterial wall
aneurysm
32
what are the diff types of aneurysms
saccular ( berry), fusiform, and dissecting
33
what is a big risk factor for aneurysms
smoking and tobacco use
34
what are some locations of an aneurysm
aortic arch, cerebral arteries, thoracic artery, and abdominal arteries
35
what are the complications of an aneurysm
rupture ( hemorrhagic stroke), dissection ( ischemic stroke), and thrombus ( ischemic stroke)
36
what are some tx options for aneurysm
endovascular stent / graft , clip ( used for berry aneurysms), endovascular coiling, blood thinner, and hypertensive meds
37
where do most aneurysms occur
at the bifurcations in the circle of willis
38
what is the commonly affected vessel in an aneurysm
anterior communicating artery
39
which artery is the most CLINICALLY significant affected artery that can lead to 3rd nerve palsy
posterior communicating artery
40
what are some common ocular manifestations of aneurysms
3rd nerve palsy , protein exudates in retina
41
this is the maintenance of internal physiologic systems that allow communication of life; required to maintain the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems
homeostasis
42
what are the primary circulatory system components of homeostasis
pump, fluid volume, and closed circulatory system
43
this condition is made of a diverse group of conditions due to inadequate tissue perfusion > homeostasis becomes compromised ; body wide shift to anaerobic metabolism ;
shock
44
this condition is fatal if left untreated ; can cause cardiovascular collapse and organ failure
shock
45
what are the two different mechanisms for cell death
inadequate cellular oxygenation-> anaerobic metabolism> inadequate energy production > metabolic failure of pumps > cell death inadequate cellular oxygenation> anaerobic metabolism > lactic acid production > metabolic acidosis > cell death
46
what are shocks MOA
inadequate oxygen delivery, impaired oxygen uptake, inadequate nutrient delivery
47
which of shock MOA involve respiratory failure, hemorrhage or anemia, fluid loss and cardiac pump failure
inadequate oxygen delivery
48
which of shock MOA involved biochemical poisoning ( hydrogen cyanide )
impaired oxygen uptake
49
which of shock MOA involves malnutrition, GI absorption disorder, and lack of insuilin
inadequate nutrient delivery
50
what is the final common pathway of stroke
metabolic acidosis/ cell death
51
what are the main forms of stroke
hypovolemic shock, cardiogenic shock, and hypotonic shock/ anaphylactic
52
which form of shock involves decreased blood volume ; trauma, childbirth, dehydration
hypovolemic
53
which form of shock involves ineffective cardiac pumping and MI
cardiogenic shock
54
which form of shock involves decreased peripheral vascular tone ; blood pools in peripheral tissue
hypotonic shock/ anaphylactic
55
what type of shock is a massive and systemic allergic reaction; large release of histamine; increases membrane permeability and vasodilation
anaphylactic shock
56
this type of shock occurs due to systemic inflammatory response to secondary infection
septic shock
57
this type of shock is caused by endotoxin or exotoxin and has a mortality rate of 25-50 %
septic shock
58
all types of shock cause ______
myocardial pump failure ( decreased blood volume, increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability)
59
what are the stages of shock
compensatory, progressive, refractory
60
which stage of shock involves normal BP, and adequate tissue perfusion
compensatory
61
which stage of shock involves falling BP, reduced tissue perfusion, and tissue damage
progressive
62
which stage of shock involves a low bp, inadequate tissue perfusion, and widespread organ failure
refractory
63
what are some mechanisms of compensatory shock
progressive vasoconstriction, increased blood flow to major organs, increased cardiac output, increased respiratory rate and volume and decreased urine output
64
how does compensatory shock present itself
normotensive, tachycardia, and decreased skin perfusion
65
what type of shock is the last-ditch /desperate final attempt by the body
progressive shock
66
how does progressive shock present itself
hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, oliguria, acidosis, agitation, restlessness, and confusion
67
what type of shock is when death occurs even with homeostasis restoration ; complete failure of compensatory mechanisms
refractory shock
68
what type of shock is when tissues become anoxic , widespread cellular death, vital organ failure, and death
refractory shock

Medical Pathology (11 decks)

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