Lecture Three: Cardiovascular Disease II Flashcards
this is due to inadequate cardiac output ; potential consequence of most cardiac disorders
heart failure
coronary heart disease, cigarette smoking , HTN, obesity, diabetes, valvular heart disease , congenital defects are risk factors for which disease
heart failure
what are some causes of heart failure
blood loss/ obstruction of blood flow , conduction system failure, valvular failure, congenital cardiac malfunctions
congestion of blood flow and inability to increase cardiac output as needed are effects of
heart failure
this temporarily restores cardiac output toward normal
compensatory mechanism for HF
what are the compensatory mechanisms for HF
sympathetic nervous system activation, compensatory vasoconstriction, and myocardial hypertrophy
what results in release of renin by the kidney
reduced blood flow ( short term solution to acute changes)
left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, and HF are complications of which disease
hypertensive heart disease
this is irregularity in the heart’s beating pattern-> decreases cardiac output and can be fatal
cardiac dysrhythmia
MI, electrolyte imbalance, stress, drugs, and congenital defects in the myocardial electrical network are causes of which disease
cardiac dysrhythmias
what are the types of cardiac dysrhythmias
tachycardia, bradycardia, flutter, and fibrillation
what is a rapid beating of the atria ( can be regular or irregular )
flutter
what is sporadic , quivering pattern HR called; also is a rapid irregular beating of the atria that may arise from flutter
fibrillation
which is more common, atrial or ventricular fibrillation
atrial
a fibrillation is responsible for what % of strokes
25%
how fast will ventricular fibrillation kill you
90 seconds
this is unexpected death from cardiac causes; initiated by coronary atheroma
sudden cardiac death
this is myocardial degeneration ( thinning of the ventricle wall) usually leading to heart failure
dilated cardiomyopathy
this type of dilated cardiomyopathy example is coronary heart disease
ischemic
this type of dilated cardiomyopathy can be toxic ( alcohol abuse), metabolic ( thyroid disorder ), or infectious ( post viral myocarditis)
non-ischemic
this is a normal sized heart that has reduced filling capacity but normal contractility initially
restrictive cardiomyopathy
amyloidosis and idiopathic are primary causes of…
restrictive cardiomyopathy
this is when the heart is larger than normal ; usually genetic etiology men = women; can lead to heart failure
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
this is a major cause of low blood flow-> increases myocardial workload
endocardial and valvular disease
term for when the valve cant open completely
stenosis
when the valve cannot close completely
regurgitation
inflammation and scarring, calcification /aging, and congenital malformations are all causes of …
endocardial and valvular disease
what are the two most common valvular diease types
mitral valve regurgitation and aortic valve stenosis
this involves mitral valve prolapse, ischemic heart disease , endocarditis
mitral valve regurgitation
this involves age-related calcification and congenital stenosis
aortic valve stenosis
this is a degeneration of connective tissue in the valve
mitral valve prolapse
this is when the valve leaflets balloon into the left atrium during systole; may lead to mitral valve regurgitation ; risk factor for bacterial endocarditis and thrombosis
mitral valve prolapse
what are some ocular association of mitral valve prolapse
central retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, and choroidal occlusion
this is the colonization of endocardial structures
infective endocarditis
what is the most common bacteria of infective endocarditis
streptococcus and staphylococcus
what are some predisposing risk factors for infective endocarditis
rheumatic endocarditis, congenital valve defects
this disease occurs at 5-15 yo; develops 1-5 weeks after group A strep pharyngitis or scarlet fever
rheumatic heart disease
This is when group A streptococcal M proteins induce Ab production and Ab cross react with ct antigens
Type II hypersensitivity reaction of rheumatic heart disease
this is the outer covering of the heart that holds it in place ; it assists with the regulation of blood pressure and HR; first line of defense against infection and inflammation
pericardium
this fluid is for cushion and lubrication of the heart
pericardial fluid
this type of pericarditis lasts less than 6 wks
acute pericarditis
this type of pericarditis lasts more than 6 mos, ; constrictive pericarditis; leading causes are idiopathic and infectious
chronic pericarditis
what are the systemic assoc of pericardial disease
uremia , rheumatic fever, SLE, metastatic malignancies
what is an elevation of metabolic waste in the blood bc its not being filtered by the kidneys
uremia
abnormally fast heart rate
tachycardia
abnormally slow heart rate
bradycardia
