Lecture Three: Cardiovascular Disease II

Question 1

this is due to inadequate cardiac output ; potential consequence of most cardiac disorders

Answer 1

heart failure

Question 2

coronary heart disease, cigarette smoking , HTN, obesity, diabetes, valvular heart disease , congenital defects are risk factors for which disease

Answer 2

heart failure

Question 3

what are some causes of heart failure

Answer 3

blood loss/ obstruction of blood flow , conduction system failure, valvular failure, congenital cardiac malfunctions

Question 4

congestion of blood flow and inability to increase cardiac output as needed are effects of

Answer 4

heart failure

Question 5

this temporarily restores cardiac output toward normal

Answer 5

compensatory mechanism for HF

Question 6

what are the compensatory mechanisms for HF

Answer 6

sympathetic nervous system activation, compensatory vasoconstriction, and myocardial hypertrophy

Question 7

what results in release of renin by the kidney

Answer 7

reduced blood flow ( short term solution to acute changes)

Question 8

left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, and HF are complications of which disease

Answer 8

hypertensive heart disease

Question 9

this is irregularity in the heart’s beating pattern-> decreases cardiac output and can be fatal

Answer 9

cardiac dysrhythmia

Question 10

MI, electrolyte imbalance, stress, drugs, and congenital defects in the myocardial electrical network are causes of which disease

Answer 10

cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 11

what are the types of cardiac dysrhythmias

Answer 11

tachycardia, bradycardia, flutter, and fibrillation

Question 12

what is a rapid beating of the atria ( can be regular or irregular )

Answer 12

flutter

Question 13

what is sporadic , quivering pattern HR called; also is a rapid irregular beating of the atria that may arise from flutter

Answer 13

fibrillation

Question 14

which is more common, atrial or ventricular fibrillation

Answer 14

atrial

Question 15

a fibrillation is responsible for what % of strokes

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

how fast will ventricular fibrillation kill you

Answer 16

90 seconds

Question 17

this is unexpected death from cardiac causes; initiated by coronary atheroma

Answer 17

sudden cardiac death

Question 18

this is myocardial degeneration ( thinning of the ventricle wall) usually leading to heart failure

Answer 18

dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 19

this type of dilated cardiomyopathy example is coronary heart disease

Answer 19

ischemic

Question 20

this type of dilated cardiomyopathy can be toxic ( alcohol abuse), metabolic ( thyroid disorder ), or infectious ( post viral myocarditis)

Answer 20

non-ischemic

Question 21

this is a normal sized heart that has reduced filling capacity but normal contractility initially

Answer 21

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 22

amyloidosis and idiopathic are primary causes of…

Answer 22

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 23

this is when the heart is larger than normal ; usually genetic etiology men = women; can lead to heart failure

Answer 23

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 24

most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults

Answer 24

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 25

this is a major cause of low blood flow-> increases myocardial workload

Answer 25

endocardial and valvular disease

Question 26

term for when the valve cant open completely

Answer 26

stenosis

Question 27

when the valve cannot close completely

Answer 27

regurgitation

Question 28

inflammation and scarring, calcification /aging, and congenital malformations are all causes of ...

Answer 28

endocardial and valvular disease

Question 29

what are the two most common valvular diease types

Answer 29

mitral valve regurgitation and aortic valve stenosis

Question 30

this involves mitral valve prolapse, ischemic heart disease , endocarditis

Answer 30

mitral valve regurgitation

Question 31

this involves age-related calcification and congenital stenosis

Answer 31

aortic valve stenosis

Question 32

this is a degeneration of connective tissue in the valve

Answer 32

mitral valve prolapse

Question 33

this is when the valve leaflets balloon into the left atrium during systole; may lead to mitral valve regurgitation ; risk factor for bacterial endocarditis and thrombosis

Answer 33

mitral valve prolapse

Question 34

what are some ocular association of mitral valve prolapse

Answer 34

central retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, and choroidal occlusion

Question 35

this is the colonization of endocardial structures

Answer 35

infective endocarditis

Question 36

what is the most common bacteria of infective endocarditis

Answer 36

streptococcus and staphylococcus

Question 37

what are some predisposing risk factors for infective endocarditis

Answer 37

rheumatic endocarditis, congenital valve defects

Question 38

this disease occurs at 5-15 yo; develops 1-5 weeks after group A strep pharyngitis or scarlet fever

Answer 38

rheumatic heart disease

Question 39

This is when group A streptococcal M proteins induce Ab production and Ab cross react with ct antigens

Answer 39

Type II hypersensitivity reaction of rheumatic heart disease

Question 40

this is the outer covering of the heart that holds it in place ; it assists with the regulation of blood pressure and HR; first line of defense against infection and inflammation

Answer 40

pericardium

Question 41

this fluid is for cushion and lubrication of the heart

Answer 41

pericardial fluid

Question 42

this type of pericarditis lasts less than 6 wks

Answer 42

acute pericarditis

Question 43

this type of pericarditis lasts more than 6 mos, ; constrictive pericarditis; leading causes are idiopathic and infectious

Answer 43

chronic pericarditis

Question 44

what are the systemic assoc of pericardial disease

Answer 44

uremia , rheumatic fever, SLE, metastatic malignancies

Question 45

what is an elevation of metabolic waste in the blood bc its not being filtered by the kidneys

Answer 45

uremia

Question 46

abnormally fast heart rate

Answer 46

tachycardia

Question 47

abnormally slow heart rate

Answer 47

bradycardia