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Medical Pathology > Hematologic Disorders > Flashcards

Hematologic Disorders Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the cells in the blood

A

rbc, wbc, thrombocytes ( platelets)

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2
Q

what is blood made of

A

cells and plasma

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3
Q

what is plasma

A

water, proteins, glucose, cholesterol, Ca, hormones, metabolic waste, etc

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4
Q

what is the fluid remaining after blood clots called; contains no fibrinogen and cannot clot again ; used for lab analyses since clotting can affect tests

A

serum

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5
Q

what are the diff types of hematopoiesis

A

lymphopoeisis, myelopoeisis, erythropoeisis

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6
Q

what is hematopoiesis affected by

A

infection, allergy, hemorrhage, exertion, and drugs

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7
Q

where are the stem cells located

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

these are non dividing cells; they transport oxygen and CO2 ; no nucleus, no mitochondria, and have rapid turnover

A

rbc

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9
Q

these cells have adult sites of production ( vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, ribs); lifespan of 120 days; removed by mononuclear phagoctyes system ( spleen, liver, and lymph nodes)

A

rbc

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10
Q

what are the growth requirements for rbc

A

iron, protein, vitamins ( folate and B12)

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11
Q

iron is important for _____

A

heme pt of hemoglobin molecule

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12
Q

protein is important for ____

A

globin part of hemoglobin

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13
Q

folate is good for _____

A

dna synthesis

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14
Q

what are some stimulating factors of rbc

A

hemorrhage, damage to bone marrow, high altitude, exercise, hemolytic disease, and low hemoglobin levels

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15
Q

this is regulated by oxygen levels in the blood; stimulated by hypoxia

A

erythropoeisis

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16
Q

what produces erythropoeitin

A

peritubular cells of the kidney

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17
Q

what induces RBC production in the bone marrow

A

erythropoietin- takes 4 days

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18
Q

what is the general rbc circulation

A

rbc produced -> incorporated into hemoglobin-> Hb broken down into heme and globin > heme broken down into iron and bilirubin > bilirubin stored in liver > iron stored in spleen> some iron reused in the synthesis of new Hb

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19
Q

% of blood that is RBCsl convenient way to determine if rbc count is normal ; women have less due to menstrual cycle

A

hematocrit

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20
Q

what is reduced oxygen carrying capacity

A

anemia

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21
Q

what is an important cause of anemia

A

iron deficiency and end stage renal failure

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22
Q

what are some symptoms of anemia

A

overall weakness, tachycardia, fatigue, dyspnea, pallor

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23
Q

what are 4 diff ways to get anemia

A

production failure of rbcs, hemorrhage, hemolysis, and hypersplenism ( overly active spleen)

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24
Q

what are the etiologies of anemia

A

hypoproliferatie and hemolytic

25
Q

what are the diff size classifications of anemia

A

macrocytic, microcytic, and normocytic

26
Q

what is the Hb content of anemia

A

normochromic and hypochromic

27
Q

what are large, abnormally shaped rbcs; normal Hb concentration

A

macrocytic normochromic anemia

28
Q

which type of anemia is due to lack of vitamin B12; abnormal dna synthesis in the rbc ; premature cell death ; can be congenital or acquired def. of IF or genetic disorder of DNA synthesis; mean pt age 60 YO

A

pernicious anemia ; more common than folate def )

29
Q

which type of anemia is due to lack of folate; abnormal dna synthesis and premature cell death ; caused by dietary folate def.

A

folate def. anemia

30
Q

causes of this anemia include autoimmune and malabsorption disorder ( Crohns, etc); H pylori infection, ETOH abuse, PPI use, diet ( vegetarians ; treat with B12 injections

A

pernicious anemia

31
Q

how do we obtain the B vitamin

A

through the diet; malabsorption can lead to folate def. ; B vitamin is a coenzyme involved with DNA synthesis in RBCs; this def. associ with neural tube defects in fetuses

32
Q

what are the causes of folate def.anemia

A

autoimmune and malabsorption disorders, ETOH abuse, diet ; tx with oral supplements and /or diet changes

33
Q

which type of anemia has small , abnormally shaped RBCs; reduced Hb concentration

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia

34
Q

what are the diff types of macrocytic anemias

A

pernicious anemia and folate def. anemia

35
Q

what are the diff types of microcytic anemias

A

iron def. anemia, and sideroblastic anemia and lead poisoning

36
Q

which type of micro anemia deals with lack of iron for Hb; insuff Hb ; caused by chronic blood loss, dietary Fe def. and disruption of iron metabolism or iron cycle

A

iron def. anemia

37
Q

which type of micro anemia deals with dysfunctional iron uptake by erythroblasts ; defective porphyrin and heme synthesis; caused by congenital dysfunction of iron metabolism in rbc ; acquired dysfunction of iron metabolism as a result of drugs or toxins

A

sideroblastic anemia

38
Q

this type of micro anemia deals with the inhibition of heme ad globin ; synthesis of rbc; caused by excessive lead exposure

A

lead poisoning

39
Q

this is the most common type of anemia worldwide; risk groups are poor, women, and children

A

iron def. anemia ( affects 20 %)

40
Q

what are the main causes of iron def. anemia in the US

A

pregnancy and heavy menstruation, chronic GI bleeds

41
Q

how is iron def. anemia dx’d

A

blood test and hematocrit

42
Q

how is iron def. anemia tx’d

A

address bleeding and iron supplementation

43
Q

this type of anemia cannot incorporate iron into Hb in RBC; ringed nuclei in bone marrow and hemochromatosis ( brown skin)

A

sideroblastic anemia

44
Q

what are some causes of sideroblastic anemia

A

congenital, myelodysplastic syndrome, meds, toxins, and ETOH Abuse

45
Q

how do we Dx sideroblastic anemia

A

bone marrow sample containing sideroblasts

46
Q

how do we tx B6 supplementation and bloodletting

A

sideroblastic anemia

47
Q

the MOA of this anemia inhibits heme and globin synthesis of RBCs; children are high risk

A

lead poisoning

48
Q

what are some early signs and symptoms of lead poisoning

A

pallor, ab pains, irritability

49
Q

what are late signs of lead poisoning

A

lethargy, anorexia, ataxia, slurred speech, and convulsions

50
Q

what is tx of lead poisoning

A

remove lead source and/or chelation

51
Q

what is anemia that deals with normal size and normal Hb concentration

A

normocytic/normochromic anemia

52
Q

what are diff types of normochromic anemia

A

aplastic anemia, posthemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and anemia of chronic inflammation

53
Q

this type of normo. anemia is when bone marrow is replaced with fibrous, fatty tissue ; abrupt onset of low blood cell counts; increased incidence of infections and hemorrhages; occurs in healthy young adults

A

aplastic anemia

54
Q

etiology of this anemia is idiopathic ( 75%); secondary > chloramphenicol ; tx of this anemia includes a bone marrow transplant

A

aplastic anemia

55
Q

this type of anemia is due to premature destruction of RBCs; signs include fatigue, jaundice, and red-brown urine

A

hemolytic anemias

56
Q

causes of this anemia include inherited def. of RBC membranes, enzyme defects, Hb; toxic or Ab damage to the circulating RBC ( autoimmune/medications)

A

hemolytic anemias

57
Q

what is 2nd to IDA in incidence; usually occurs in adults ; causes are AIDS, RA, SLE

A

Anemia of chronic disease

58
Q

this type of anemia is assoc with decreased RBC lifespan, suppressed production of EPO; ineffective bone marrow erythroid progenitor response to EPO; altered iron metabolism and iron sequestration in macrophages

A

anemia of chronic disease

Medical Pathology (11 decks)

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