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Medical Pathology > Lecture One : Hypertension > Flashcards

Lecture One : Hypertension Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is the arterial pressure of systemic circulation called

A

blood pressure

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2
Q

pressure gradient generates what?

A

blood flow

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3
Q

which vital organs does bp maintain a constant blood flow to

A

heart, brain, and kidneys

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4
Q

what components make up arterial pressure

A

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

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5
Q

what components make up cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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6
Q

what components make up stroke volume

A

myocardial contractility and size of the vascular compartments

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7
Q

what components make up peripheral resistance

A

vascular structure and vascular function

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8
Q

what are some intrinsic factors of blood pressure

A

HR, SV, and peripheral resistance

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9
Q

What are the components involved with peripheral resistance

A

vessel diameter, vessel length, vessel integrity, and blood viscosity

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10
Q

what are some extrinsic factors of blood pressure

A

diet, exercise, emotional state, disease, sleep, drugs, alcohol, stress, and obesity

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11
Q

what is the desired systolic bp

A

90-119

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12
Q

what is the desired diastolic bp

A

60-79

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13
Q

Chronic elevated blood pressure

A

hypertension

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14
Q

hypertension readings are usually

A

140/90 or greater

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15
Q

what affects the risk of developing HTN

A

age, race, and sex

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16
Q

T/F; CVD risk doubles for every 20/10 increase above 115/75

A

True

17
Q

This type of HTN is 95% of cases; no underlying disease

A

Essential Primary HTN

18
Q

Essential Primary HTN Etiologic Factors

A

Age, sex, low birth weight, race/ethnicity, family Hx, smoking, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, suboptimal diet, etc

19
Q

What are the etiologies of Essential Primary HTN

A

autonomic system ( homeostatic recalibration ), renin-angiotensin - aldosterone system ( association with obesity ), Reactive oxygen species ( elevated vascular tone) , genetic predisposition ( multifactorial: renal salt handling )

20
Q

This is a type of HTN where the etiology can be identified ; 5-10 % of cases; assoc with Pheochromocytoma ( adrenal tumor that secretes vasoconstrictive hormones )

A

secondary HTN

21
Q

what causes HTN in 5 % of users of high dose HC

A

hormonal contraceptives and HTN

22
Q

risk factors for HTN in women

A

overweight, history of HTN in pregnancy, predisposing condition, family Hx, cigarettes

23
Q

in what trimester can HTN develop

A

third trimester

24
Q

what is white coat HTN

A

increase up to 20/10 above pts normal BP ( may not be benign )

25
Q

What is the goal BP for HTN Tx pts

A

140/90 or less

26
Q

what are some tx meds for HTN

A

thiazide diuretics, B-blocker, Ca antagonist, ACE inhibitor, Angiotensin II blocker, and Adrenergic inhibitors

27
Q

What is a hypertensive urgency

A

BP of >180/110 , no end organ damage; symptoms would be severe HA, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, severe anxiety

28
Q

What is a hypertensive emergency

A

BP > 180/110, end organ damage ; chest pain, shortness of breath, back pain, numbness/.weakness/ changes in vision, trouble speaking ; immediate hospitalization ; potential complications are stroke and pulmonary edema

29
Q

what is a target organ for HTN that’s important

A

retina

30
Q

what is the most common ocular manifestation of HTN

A

Hypertensive retinopathy; 50-80% chance of developing it

31
Q

% increase risk of stroke with mild HTN ret

A

35%

32
Q

% increase risk of stroke with moderate/ severe HTN ret.

A

137%

33
Q

symptoms of hypertensive retinopathy

A

usually asymptomatic and may have decreased vision

34
Q

This is a gradual reduction of blood flow to the retina

A

hypertensive retinopathy

35
Q

this is a term that rep. swollen axons with intracytoplasmic bodies and rep. hypertensive retinopathy

A

cotton wool spots

36
Q

changes such as A/V crossing changes, cotton wool spots, and hemorrhages comes with what type of retinopathy

A

chronic hypertensive retinopathy

37
Q

these changes such as retina edema, cotton wool spots, and macular star are what type of retinopathy

A

acute ( malignant) hypertensive retinopathy

Medical Pathology (11 decks)

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