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Medicine MD3001 cardiovascular system > Vascular Disease > Flashcards

Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 subcategories of Vascular disease?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • all vesels
  • tumours
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2
Q

What is vascular disease of the arteries?

A

atherosclerosis

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3
Q

What is vascular disease of the veins?

A
  • thrombosis

- formation of varicosities

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4
Q

What 2 ways does vascular disease affect all vessels?

A
  • vasculitis

- radiation damage

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5
Q

What does atherosclerosis affect? How is it characterised?

A
  • large and medium sized arteries

- lipid deposition, fibrous and chronic inflammation

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6
Q

Describe the morphology of atherosclerosis.

A
  • atheromatous- fibro-fatty plaque
  • core of lipid
  • fibrous cap- smooth muscle cells, macrophages, foam cells
  • necrotic centre- cell debris, cholesterol crystals, foam cells
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7
Q

What 2 complications can atheroma cause in the head and neck?

A
  • cerebral infarction

- carotid atheroma- emboli causing transient ischaemic attaks or cerebral infarcts

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8
Q

How does atheroma affect the heart?

A
  • myocardial infarction

- cardiac failure

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9
Q

What type of aneurysm is atheroma related to? What can happen to the aneurysm?

A
  • aortic aneurysms

- ruptures leading to sudden death

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10
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A
  • atheroma of distal aorta, iliac, femoral arteries

- leads to ischaemia of lower limbs

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11
Q

What are the 4 potential consequences of peripheral vascular disease?

A
  • intermittent claudication
  • pain
  • ulcers
  • gangrene
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12
Q

What is intermittent claudication?

A

pain in calf related to exercise

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13
Q

What are the 6 different classifications of aneurysm?

A
  • atherosclerotic
  • dissecting
  • berry
  • micro aneurysms
  • syphilitic
  • mycotic
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14
Q

What describes true aneurysms?

A

saccular or fusiform

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15
Q

Describe the morphology of atherosclerotic aneurysm. Which vessel does it usually affect?

A
  • saccular or fusiform, contains mural thrombus (thrombus caused by lots of turbulent blood flow)
  • distal abdominal aorta, distal to renal arteries
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16
Q

What are the clinical consequences of atherosclerotic aneurysms? How does it present clinically?

A
  • thrombosis
  • embolism
  • rupture
  • obstruction of branch vessel leading to ischaemic injury
  • impingement of adjacent structure

-presents as an abnormal mass

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17
Q

What is a dissecting aortic aneurysm?

A

wall of blood vessel is split into parts, split in tunica and hence blood can spill in-between the layers forming the blood vessel

18
Q

Describe the morphology of dissecting aneurysm. Which two directions can the dissection occur in?

A
  • usually begins with just an initial tear
  • dissection can extend along the aorta retrograde towards the heart out distally sometimes to iliac and femoral arteries
19
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of the dissecting aortic aneurysm? Describe the pain experienced as a result of the aneurysm.

A
  • sudden onset of excruciating pain

- begins anterior in chest and radiates to back between the scapula and radiates inferiorly as dissection progresses

20
Q

what is a berry aneurysm? which group is most commonly affected?

A
  • aneurysm of the circle of willis in the brain

- young people

21
Q

What is a berry aneurysm most commonly associated with?

A

sub-arachnoid haemorrhage

22
Q

What is a capillary micro-aneurysm?

A

small aneurysms of branches of the middle cerebral artery

23
Q

What are capillary micro-aneurysms associated with?What can they lead to?

A
  • hypertension and diabetes mellitus

- intra cerebral haemorrhage

24
Q

Which vessel does a syphilitic aneurysm usually affect?

A

thoracic aorta

25
Q

What causes a mycotic aneurysm? Where are they most common?

A
  • wall of the artery is weakened by infection of bacteria or fungi
  • brain
26
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

abnormally dilated, torturous veins produced by prolonged increased intraluminal pressure and loss of vessel wall support

27
Q

What happens if venous valves become incompetent, with relation to varicose veins?

A

leads to stasis of blood, congestion, oedema can occur and pain, at risk of thrombosis

28
Q

Where can varicosities arise?

A

-lower limb
oesophageal varices
-haemorrhoids

29
Q

What is vasculitis?

A

inflammation of vessels

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vasculitis?

A
  • immune mediated inflammation- deposition of immune complexes, direct attack by circulating antibodies
  • direct invasion of vascular wall by infectious pathogens
31
Q

What are the 4 types of vasculitis?

A
  • giant cell arteritis
  • takayasu
  • polyarteritis nodosa
  • kawasaki disease
32
Q

What is giant cell arteritis?

A
  • granulomatous inflammation of large to small sized arteries
  • temporal, vertebral, oplathmic
33
Q

Explain Takayasu disease

A
  • no or weakened pulse in upper limb

- granulomatous vasculitis of median and larger arteries of upper limbs

34
Q

Which vessels are involved in Polyarteritis nodosa?

A

kidneys, heart, liver and gastrointestinal tract

35
Q

Which group does kawasaki disease affect? What is it associated with?

A
  • children younger than 4

- high fever

36
Q

What are the two types of vascular tumour?

A
  • benign

- malignant

37
Q

Wat is a benign vascular tumour?

A

angioma

38
Q

What are the two types of angioma?

A
  • haemangioma -capillary and cavernous

- lymphangioma- capillary and cavernous

39
Q

describe the appearance of the angiomas:

  • what are the 3 different types?
  • how do they appear?
  • what structures do they affect?
A
  • Juvenile= strawberry usually shrink over time, skin
  • Capillary= ruby red spot, skin spleen kidneys
  • cavernous= port wine stain, skin liver spleen
40
Q

What is a malignant vascular tumour called? What can it affect?

A
  • angiosarcoma

- skin, soft tissue, breast, bone, liver, spleen

41
Q

What is Kaposis sarcoma?

A
  • associated with HIV/AIDS

- angioproliferative tumour derived in endothelial cells

Medicine MD3001 cardiovascular system (44 decks)

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