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Medicine MD3001 cardiovascular system > Thorax 8: Development of the Heart and Great Vessels > Flashcards

Thorax 8: Development of the Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

How many weeks in does the bilaminar disc become trilaminar?

A

2 weeks post conception

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the trilaminar disc?

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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3
Q

When is mesoderm formed?

A

during week 3

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4
Q

Which layer of the disc does the heart tube form in and what end of the disc? What does it form from?

A
  • mesoderm
  • angiogenetic clusters as a horseshoe
  • cephalic end
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5
Q

Which day does heart development start to occur? Why?

A

-day 18
-diffusion is no longer sufficient to provide nutrients
and development of both blood and vascular structures is necessary

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6
Q

What folding happens to the heart tube? Where does this allow the heart tube to migrate to?

A
  • cephalo-caudal folding

- heart tube migrates from the head through the neck to the thorax of the embryo

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7
Q

What 3 types of cardium does the heart tube develop into? What do these become?

A
  • Epicardium- visceral pericardium
  • Myocardium- cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium- endothelial lining
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8
Q

When does looping and folding of the heart tube occur?

A

week 4 around 22 days

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9
Q

What structures are at the caudal and cephalic end of the heart tube?

A
  • sinus venosus

- Truncus arteriosus

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10
Q

Which direction does the heart tube fold to? How does this orientate the heart?

A
  • 2 ends fold towards each other and to the right

- apex of heart is pushed to the left. rotation means right side of heart is more anterior

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11
Q

What happens to the heart 28 days in?

A
  • heart pushes into the pericardial sac

- ventricles begin to trabeculate

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12
Q

Which vessels does the venous end receive blood from?

A
  • cardinal
  • umbilical
  • vitelline veins
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13
Q

Which structure do the atria start to bulge out the side from?

A

bulbus cordis

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14
Q

What structures are formed from the proximal, middle and distal parts of the bulbus cordis?

A
  • proximal forms RV
  • middle forms outflow of ventricles
  • distal forms PT and aorta
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15
Q

How are left and right caverns formed after growth from the bulbus cordis?

A
  • bending causes narrowing, augmented by endocardial cushion growth
  • endocardial cushion cells grow and then eventually begin to fuse forming left and right caverns
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16
Q

What forms from enlargement of truncus arteriosus?

A

PT and aorta

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17
Q

What 3 structures are formed as a result of the enlargement of the endocardial cushion cells?

A
  • interatrial cells
  • membranous part of the inter ventricular septum
  • AV valves
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18
Q

What is the first stage in the development of the foramen ovalis? What is the name of the first channel formed between the atria?

A
  • formation of the septum primum in-between the atria , it grows down towards endocardial atrio-ventricular cushions
  • ostium primum
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19
Q

what is the second stage and final stage in the development of the foramen ovalis?

A
  • formation of septum secundum in the right atrium, stiff and muscular, grows down but does not fuse with endocardial cushion
  • ostium secundum
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20
Q

Which opening forms the foramen ovalis? What becomes the name of the fossa in the septum primum?

A
  • the ostium secundum = foramen ovalis

- the ostium primum becomes the ostium secundum

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21
Q

Which weeks is the foramen ovalis formed by?

A

between weeks 5 and 6

22
Q

What is a patent foramen ovale? How is it caused?

A
  • the foramen ovale didn’t close the way it should have at birth
  • caused by excessive cell death or reabsorption of the septum primum
23
Q

Which week is the inter ventricular septum complete by?

A

week 7

24
Q

how are left and right ridges formed in the conus?

A

endocardial cushion cells

25
Q

What is formed from extension of the atria-ventricular cushion?

A

membranous portion of inter ventricular septum

26
Q

How is the conotruncal septum formed?

A

L+R truncal ridges spiralling

27
Q

How is the inter ventricular foramen closed?

A
  • Membranous part of the inter ventricular septum
  • inferior growth of truncal ridges
  • inferior atrio-ventricular septum
28
Q

What happens if no truncal ridges develop?

A

Persistent truncus arteriosus

29
Q

What results if no spiral occurs in the great truncal ridges?

A

Transposition of the great vessels

30
Q

What happens to the truncal septum in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

septum deviates right and does not meet the inter ventricular septum

31
Q

Why does the heart show RV hypertrophy in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

pulmonary stenosis= narrowing of the pulmonary valve to artery hence RV has to work harder to pump blood into the pulmonary circulation

32
Q

What needs to be incorporated during atrial growth?

A

adjacent veins

33
Q

During development of the atria what change can be seen in the wall of the atrium, especially in the RA?

A

cristae terminalis mark the change and form the point for the formation of muscular ridges in the atrium

34
Q

how do ventricles grow in size?

A

balloon to grow around and away from the muscular septum dividing them

35
Q

How are atrioventricular valves formed?

A

endocardial cushion growth and cavitation to form papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

36
Q

How are the semi lunar valves formed?

A

hollowing of endocardial tubercles

37
Q

What is arterial development associated with? Which weeks do these occur?

A
  • intimatley associated with sequential formation of pharyngeal arches with their own cranial nerve and arterial supplies
  • weeks 4+5
38
Q

What do arches give rise to?

A

structures in the head and neck

39
Q

What occurs as each pharyngeal arch develops?

A

arteries arise from aortic sac (part of truncus arteriosus=aorta) grows through the arch and joins the dorsal aorta

40
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches arise from truncus arteriosus?

A

6

41
Q

What are the first aortic arches responsible for?

A

maxillary arteries

42
Q

What aortic arch forms the common carotid arteries?

A

arch 3 with dorsal aorta

43
Q

What are aortic arch 4 left and right branches responsible for?

A
  • left= aortic arch

- right=right subclavian artery

44
Q

What are aortic arch 6 left and right branches responsible for developing into?

A
  • left= pulmonary trunk and ductus arteriosus

- right= contributes to PT

45
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus? What type of murmur can be heard?

A
  • postnatally the aortic pressure is greater than the pulmonary trunk. Blood will flow back into pulmonary circulation
  • machinery murmur
46
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

aortic narrowing after origin of L subclavian vein due to an abnormality in aortic media and intimal proliferation

47
Q

What effect does coarctation have on the femoral pulses?

A

weakens them

48
Q

What type of coarctation is most common? What happens to blood flow?

A
  • postductal

- blood travels in subclavian to internal thoracic to intercostal vessels and back to thoracic aorta

49
Q

Which nerve do the recurrent laryngeal nerves branch from? Which aortic arch do the hook around?

A
  • vagus nerves

- 6

50
Q

Why is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve carried into the thorax?

A

the aortic arch persists as ductus arteriosus and ligamentum areteriosum so the nerve is carried into the thorax

51
Q

Why does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve not end up in the thorax?

A

both the 5th and 6th right aortic arches regress so the nerve hooks around the 4 aortic arch which becomes the right subclavian artery in the root of the neck

Medicine MD3001 cardiovascular system (44 decks)

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