Heart, Internal structure, Chambers and valves, Surface anatomy

Question 1

What forms the right border of the heart?

Answer 1

Right Atrium

Question 2

Which vessels enter the right atrium?

Answer 2

SVC, IVC and the coronary sinuses

Question 3

How does blood flow through the Right atrium?

Answer 3

through the Tricuspid valve anterior and medially

Question 4

Describe the structure of the anterior wall of the Right atrium.

Answer 4

trabeculated with musculi pectinati and cristae terminalis

also formed of the auricle

Question 5

What is the function of the musculi pectinati in the right atrium?

Answer 5

provide some power for atrial contraction

Question 6

Describe the structure of the posterior wall of the right atrium.
What are the positions of the nodes?

Answer 6

-Smooth. Forms the intratrial septum.
-sino atrial node is close to the opening of the SVC
Atrio ventricular node lies on septum between coronary sinus and tricuspid valve

Question 7

What surfaces of the heart does the Right ventricle from?

Answer 7

most of the sternocostal (anterior) surface

some of the diaphragmatic surface

Question 8

What is the flow of blood into and out of the Right ventricle?

Answer 8

Blood flows forwards and medially through the tricuspid valve
outflow is superiorly and posteriorly through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk+arteries through a smooth infundibulum

Question 9

Describe the structure of the Right ventricle wall.

Answer 9

Trabeculated with trabeculae carneae, 3 papillary muscles, septomarginal trabecula

Question 10

What are the three papillary muscles of the right ventricle?

How are they attached?

Answer 10

• anterior, posterior, septal

- attached by chordae tendineae

Question 11

what is the function of the trabeculae carneae in the right ventricle?

Answer 11

muscular ridges which give power of contraction

Question 12

Which structure forms the base of the heart?

Answer 12

the left atrium

Question 13

how many pulmonary veins flow into the Left atrium?

Answer 13

4

Question 14

Describe the intratrial wall of the left atrium

Answer 14

smooth
slight depression equivalent to the fossa ovalis
long tubular auricle

Question 15

How does the left ventricle differ from the right?

Why is this?

Answer 15

• Much thicker muscular wall than the right

- to deal with systemic pressure 70-120mmHg

Question 16

Describe the flow of blood through the Left ventricle.

Answer 16

blood flows superiorly and posteriorly to the pulmonary valve and trunk

Question 17

Describe the wall of the left ventricle

Answer 17

trabeculated with trabeculae carnea and 2 papillary muscles attached by chordae tendineae

Question 18

Explain the functional importance of the cardiac skeleton.

Describe its position

Answer 18

• supports valves, myocardium and fibrous rings
• electrically separates the atria and the ventricles by separating atrial and ventricular muscle so there can be no electrical connection between the muscles

Question 19

What is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles?

Answer 19

Atrioventricular bundle of His

Question 20

What causes valves to open and close?

Answer 20

Difference in blood pressure

Question 21

Describe the structure of the tricuspid valve.

Answer 21

3 cusps attached to papillary muscles attached by chordae tendineae
cusps attach to fibrous ring

Question 22

When in the cardiac cycle does the tricuspid valve open and close?

Answer 22

Closed during systole (ventricular contraction) hence preventing back flow of blood into the atrium.
Open during diastole (atrial contraction)

Question 23

Describe the structure and location of the pulmonary valve.

Answer 23

3 watch pocket cusps

attached in the root of the pulmonary trunk

Question 24

When in the cardiac cycle is the pulmonary valve open and closed?

Answer 24

the valve opens during systole, when the pressure in the ventricle is greater than in the pulmonary trunk
the valve is closed during diastole

Question 25

What is the competence of the Mitral valve?

Answer 25

Active competence

Question 26

How many cusps does the mitral valve have?

name them.

Answer 26

2

anterior and posterior

Question 27

When is the mitral valve open in relation to the cardiac cycle?

Answer 27

open during diastole

Question 28

Describe the structure of the aortic valve.

Give its location

Answer 28

• 3 semi lunar cusps left, right and posterior

- apex of the aorta

Question 29

State when coronary arteries fill in relation to the cardiac cycle

Answer 29

the aortic valve cusps are closed during diastole to prevent back flow of blood in to the ventricle. This is when the coronary sinuses fill hence filling the coronary arteries

Question 30

Where are the coronary sinuses which fill the coronary arteries found?

Answer 30

The left and right cusps of the aortic valve, coronary cusps

Question 31

What is valve incompetence?

How does it occur?

Answer 31

• Cusp eversion during systole and hence back flow of blood occurs
• during an MI if the heart tissue which supplying the papillary muscles of the valve dies then these muscles fail to function

Question 32

What is the direction of flow of blood in the Tricuspid valve?
Where can you locate it?

Answer 32

• anterior and medially

- 4th, 5th interspace

Question 33

what is the direction of flow of blood through the pulmonary valve?
where is it located?

Answer 33

• superiorly and to the left

- 2nd left intercostal space

Question 34

what is the direction of blood flow through the mitral valve?
Where can you palpate it?

Answer 34

• anteriorly and inferiorly

- towards the apex right side 5th intercostal space mid clavicular line

Question 35

what is the direction of blood flow through the aortic valve?
Where can you hear it?

Answer 35

• superiorly and to the right

- 2nd right intercostal space