Thorax 1: Intro and Overview Flashcards
What are the 4 muscles present in the pectoral region that overly the thoracic cage?
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Latissimus Dorsi
Serrates Anterior
What are the attachments of Pec. Major?
Clavicle, Costal Cartilage, Sternum, anterior lip of the inter tubercular groove (humerus)
What movements is Pec. Major responsible for?
Shoulder flexion and adduction
Which ribs does Pec. Minor attach to?
Which Part of the Scapula does it originate from?
Ribs 3, 4 and 5
the Coracoid Process
What is the function of Pec. Minor?
Stabilises the Scapula
What are the muscle attachments of Lat. Dorsi?
Iliac Crest
Lower thoracic and Lumbar vertebral spines
floor of the inter tubercular groove (humerus)
What movements does Lat. Dorsi facilitate?
shoulder extension and adduction
Which ribs does SA attach to?
Were does SA originate from?
The upper 8 ribs
medial border of the scapula
What movements is SA responsible for?
scapular protraction and rotation on shoulder abduction
What is the structure of breast tissue?
glandular tissue in fibro fatty stroma
Which ribs is the breast opposite to?
Where does the tail of the breast extend to?
ribs 2-6
the axilla
Which vessels supply blood to the breast?
axillary artery
internal thoracic arteries
How many breast ducts are there?
16 ducts converging on the nipple
which lymph nodes does the breast drain to?
How is tumour spread described in relation to breast cancer?
Which nodes are associated with each classification of tumour spread?
- axillary and internal thoracic nodes
- level 1, 2 ,3
- 1 is anterior nodes, 2 is central nodes, 3 is apical nodes
What are the 2 main functions of the thoracic wall?
Protection of major body organs
functions for respiratory movements
What is the Pump Handle mechanism?
Rib elevation to push the sternum up and forward increasing the thoracic A-P diameter
What is the Bucket Handle mechanism?
rib eversion to increase lateral diameter
How do the intercostal muscles aid in inspiration?
How many layers are there and what are the layers?
Raise the ribs
3 layers: external, internal, innermost
What process brings about exhalation?
What is responsible for this process?
Elastic Recoil
intercostal muscles acting in forced exhalation
What structures form the thoracic inlet?
T1 vertebra, 1st rib and costal cartilage, manubrium of sternum
What structures pass out through the inlet and their relation to each other?
What structures enter the inlet?
- Anterior to Posterior: Subclavian Vein, Subclavian artery, inferior trunk of brachial plexus
- trachea, oesophagus, R+L Vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, R+L phrenic nerve
What forms the thoracic outlet?
What structure closes it?
- T12 vertebra, 11th+12th ribs, costal cartilages of ribs 7,8,9 and 10 (costal margin), xiphoid cartilage
- diaphragm
What are the 3 openings of the thoracic outlet?
What vertebra level do they open at?
What structures pass through each opening?
- caval opening, T8, IVC and R phrenic nerve
- Oesophageal opening, T10, Oesophagus, vagal trunks, L gastric vessels
- aortic hiatus, T12, Aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct
What is the function of the pleura and the pericardium?
allows movement, expansion and contraction, of organs
What are the 4 types of parietal pleura in relation to the surfaces they are in communication with?
What is recess at the corner of the lung, and its level?
- cervical pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura
- costodiaphragmatic recess, T10
What is the rib level of the lungs?
What is the rib level of the visceral pleura?
- Lungs start at rib 2 and extend down to rib 8 anteriorly, rib 10 laterally and posteriorly
- from rib 2 down to rib 10 anteriorly, rib 12 laterally and posteriorly
What are the locations and landmarks of the 4 heart corners?
top right- 3rd R costal cartilage
top left- 2nd L CC
bottom right- 6th R CC
bottom left (apex)- 5th interspace mid clavicular line
What does the term Mediastinum mean?
Structures in the the midline of the thorax between the left and right pleural cavities
Where are the Superior and inferior mediastinum located?
Superior- between sternal angle 2nd CC and T4/5, behind the manubrium
inferior- inferior to the sternal angle and T4/5 extending to the thoracic outlet, diaphragm
What structures are in the superior mediastinum and its subdivision?
- Superior: trachea and oesophagus, aortic arch and phrenic and vagus nerves on left, SVC on right
- Anterior behind the manubrium: thymus
What structures lie in the 2 subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum?
- Middle: pericardium and the heart
- Posterior, structures behind the heart and pericardium: Aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous vein
