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Medicine MD3001 cardiovascular system > Examination of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Examination of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 stages to a cardiovascular examination?

A
  • intro and explanation
  • inspection
  • palpation
  • percussion
  • auscultation
  • other areas
  • conclusion and summary
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2
Q

What 2 key things should be done during the intro?

A
  • ask if patient is in discomfort

- position patient 45 degrees with exposed chest

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3
Q

What are the two types of inspection performed?

A
  • general

- close

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4
Q

What should be done for general inspection?

A
  • looking at and around the patient

- looking for obvious signs of: discomfort, breathlessness, pain

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5
Q

Which 2 areas are inspected during close inspection?

A
  • hands

- face, eyes and mouth

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6
Q

What do you look for when inspecting hands?

A
  • warmth
  • capillary refill time
  • pathology
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7
Q

When performing close inspection of the face what are you looking for?

A
  • pallor
  • sweating
  • clear pathology
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8
Q

Give 7 examples of pathology seen on the hands.

A
  • peripheral cyanosis
  • tar staining
  • nail clubbing
  • splinter haemorrhage
  • kolinichyia
  • osler nodes
  • janeway lesions
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9
Q

Give 5 examples of pathology of the face as a result of cardiovascular related complications.

A
  • central cyanosis
  • malar flush
  • conjunctivae
  • xanthelasma
  • corneal arcus
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10
Q

What can a fast and regular pulse indicate?

A
  • exrecise, anxiety, medication

- pain, fever, hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

What is the pulse felt due to an ectopic beat?

A

regularly irregular

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12
Q

What does a irregularly irregular beat indicate?

A

atrial fibrillation

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13
Q

What 3 things could a slow and irregular beat be the result of?

A
  • sick sinus syndrome
  • 2nd degree heart block
  • complete heart block
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14
Q

what could a low volume pulse mean?

A
  • hypovolaemia

- left ventricular failure

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15
Q

What can an increased volume pulse indicate?

A
  • anaemia
  • fever
  • thyrotoxicosis
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16
Q

What are 2 examples of pulse character and what are they indicative of?

A
  • slow and rising= aortic stenosis

- collapsing = aortic regurgitation

17
Q

When can the Jugular venous pulse be seen? What does it indicate?

A
  • when a person is lying at 45 degrees

- reflects changes in pressure of the right atrium

18
Q

How is the JVP measured? How does it differ from arterial pulsation?

A
  • highest point of pulsation above sternal angle

- double wave form of venous pulsation, JVP can be obliterated by gentle occlusion of the vein

19
Q

When inspecting the Praecordium what are you looking for?

A
  • scars,
  • shape,
  • pacemaker
  • visible apex beat
20
Q

How do you inspect the apex beat?

A
  • find it first

- check that its in the normal position

21
Q

What are the 4 parts to assessing the Praecordium?

A
  • look
  • apex beat
  • heaves
  • thrills
22
Q

What are heaves? Where do you look for them?

A
  • right ventricular enlargement

- left sternal edge

23
Q

What is a thrill?

A

palpable murmur

24
Q

What are you listening for during auscultation?

A
  • 1st and 2nd heart sounds
  • ,added sounds
  • murmurs
25
Q

What manoeuvre is performed to accentuate Mitral stenosis?

A
  • bell at apex, left lateral position

- during expiration

26
Q

What is the manoeuvre: diaphragm at left axilla for?

A

radiation of systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation

27
Q

What manoeuvre is performed to accentuate atrial regurgitation?

A
  • with diaphragm at lower left sternal edge, patient sat forwards
  • in expiration
28
Q

Wat do you do to listen for aortic radiation/cardiac Bruits?

A

listen over the carotids wit diaphragm during held inspiration

29
Q

What are murmurs graded out of?

A

6

30
Q

Which grade of murmur do thrills become associated with the murmur?

A

4

31
Q

What other areas can you examine?

A
  • auscultate base of lungs
  • check for sacral oedema
  • offer abdominal examination
  • peripheral vascular exam
  • ankle oedema
  • BP
  • fundoscopy - examining the fundus of the eye
  • urinanalysis

Medicine MD3001 cardiovascular system (44 decks)

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