Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

536 Body Systems > Vascular AI Deck > Flashcards

Vascular AI Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Wells Clinical Prediction Rule for DVT risk score interpretation?

A

≥ 3: high risk; 1-2: moderate risk; < 1: low risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the clinical features that contribute to the Wells score for DVT.

A
  • Active cancer (treatment within 6 months, or palliation)
  • Paralysis, paresis, or immobilization of lower extremity
  • Bedridden for more than 3 days because of surgery (within 4 weeks)
  • Localized tenderness along distribution of deep veins
  • Entire leg swollen
  • Unilateral calf swelling of > 3 cm (below tibial tuberosity)
  • Unilateral pitting edema
  • Collateral superficial veins
  • Alternative diagnosis as likely as or more likely than DVT (-2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common location for DVT?

A

Veins of calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: Women are more likely to develop DVT, especially during pregnancy and the early post-partum period.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a serum d-Dimer test measure?

A

Degradation of fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the sensitivity of Doppler ultrasound for detecting proximal veins and calf veins in DVT?

A
  • 95% sensitive for proximal veins
  • 75% sensitive for calf veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lower extremity DVT?

A
  • Unilateral edema
  • Tenderness and pain in leg – especially calf
  • Warmth and erythema
  • Low-grade fever
  • Cognitive changes in elderly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some risk factors for DVT.

A
  • Post-operative
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy and post-partum period
  • Heart failure or respiratory failure
  • Tobacco use
  • Use of oral contraceptives
  • Cancer and chemotherapy
  • Prolonged airline, car or train travel
  • Trauma
  • Diabetes, HTN, CVA, SCI
  • Varicose veins
  • Increasing age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three components of Virchow’s Triad related to VTE pathogenesis?

A
  • Venous stasis
  • Vascular injury
  • Hypercoagulability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does VTE stand for?

A

Venous Thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of the clinical prediction rule in DVT/PE management?

A

Calculates the pretest probability of VTE based on risk factors and physical findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the conservative management strategies for varicose veins?

A
  • Compression hose
  • Elevating feet
  • Managing edema
  • Avoiding prolonged standing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is sclerotherapy?

A

Localized IV injection of irritating chemical to fibrose veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the updated Wells Criteria Score for upper extremity DVT assess risk?

A
  • +1 for venous material in subclavian or jugular vein or pacemaker
  • +1 for localized arm pain
  • +1 for unilateral pitting edema
  • -1 for alternative diagnosis at least as probable as UE DVT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Homan’s sign and its reliability?

A

Passive squeezing of calf with ankle dorsiflexion; should NOT be relied upon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fill in the blank: If the patient is not on anticoagulants and has a known DVT AND does not have an IVC filter, check with the _______.

A

medical team

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the recommendation for medical referral based on Wells score?

A

Medical referral is recommended when low-risk is identified by PT; required when medium or high-risk is identified by PT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the guidelines for mobilizing patients with DVT on UFH?

A
  • < 24 hours: no mobility
  • 24-48 hours: consult medical team
  • > 48 hours: mobilize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the therapeutic range for INR levels when on Coumadin?

A

2-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the characteristics of arterial wounds?

A
  • Location: most often on foot, between or at tips of toes, pressure points, heels
  • Size and shape: round, ‘punched out’ appearance
  • Color: yellow, brown, or black; skin may appear pale
  • Appearance: often deep, thin, smooth, taut skin
  • Exudate: often dry
  • Pain level: very painful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the characteristics of venous wounds?

A
  • Location: tend to be above malleoli
  • Appearance: uneven edges, shallow depth, chronic wounds may have rolled edges
  • Drainage: serous unless infection present
  • Pain: dull ache of chronic venous insufficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is critical limb ischemia?

A

Progression of PAD where circulation cannot meet resting metabolic demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of supervised exercise for patients with PAD?

A

Provides biological benefits aiding in improvement of limb strength, efficiency, and performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the surgical interventions for PAD?

A
  • Angioplasty with or without stent
  • Bypass surgery (aortobifemoral, ileofemoral, femoral-femoral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does an IVC filter do?

A

Prevents embolism of DVT from traveling to lungs

26
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic wounds?

A

Venous edges, shallow depth, rolled edges, minimal eschar, shiny/warm/scaly surrounding skin, serous drainage unless infected, dull ache pain

Chronic wounds are often associated with chronic venous insufficiency, which constitutes 80-90% of all ulcers.

27
Q

Name three special tests for vascular examination of the upper extremities.

A
  • Adson’s test
  • Allen’s test
  • Elevated arm stress test (TOS/Roos test)

Additional tests include vertebral artery test and carotid artery auscultation.

28
Q

What is the Pitting Edema Scale?

A
  • 0: Indentation barely visible
  • 1+: Slight indentation, returns to normal in ~15 sec
  • 2+: Deeper indentation, returns to normal in ~30 sec
  • 3+: Indentation > 30 sec
  • 4+: Indentation lasts for a long time

Pitting edema is assessed by palpating the ankle or medial aspect of the tibia.

29
Q

True or False: Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by valve incompetence or venous obstruction.

A

True

This condition leads to the extravasation of edema into surrounding tissues, often associated with varicose veins.

30
Q

What are common symptoms associated with Buerger’s Disease?

A
  • Temperature and color variance in hands/feet
  • Severe pain in hands/feet
  • Painful sores or ulcers on hands/feet
  • Pain during walking in lower extremities

Buerger’s Disease is often associated with smoking and typically affects males aged 20-40.

31
Q

What should be monitored in a vascular examination?

A
  • Peripheral pulses
  • Color
  • Temperature
  • Edema variance

Changes in pulse strength should be correlated with symptoms like pain or numbness.

32
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is a risk assessment tool for pulmonary embolism (PE).

A

Wells Clinical Prediction Rule

It categorizes patients’ probability of PE based on clinical features.

33
Q

What are some treatments for chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  • Compression therapy
  • Diuretics
  • Antibiotics (when infection present)
  • Dressing changes (e.g., Unna boot)

Chronic venous wounds can lead to significant complications, including amputation.

34
Q

What is the recommended exercise regimen for patients with chronic venous insufficiency?

A

Walking programs and physical therapy interventions

Physical therapists can help patients adhere to a structured plan of care.

35
Q

What is the significance of the Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)?

A

It measures the ratio of blood pressure in the ankle to blood pressure in the arm to assess for peripheral artery disease

ABI values help determine the severity of arterial blockage.

36
Q

What are the common symptoms of Raynaud’s Disease?

A
  • Cold fingers/toes
  • Color changes in response to cold or stress
  • Numbness/tingling in fingers/toes
  • Throbbing pain when warming

Severe cases may lead to ulcers on the tips of fingers/toes.

37
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Post Thrombotic Syndrome?

A
  • Chronic aching pain
  • Intractable edema
  • Limb heaviness
  • Leg ulcers

This condition develops in 20-50% of patients with a lower extremity DVT.

38
Q

What are common clinical features of arterial wounds?

A
  • Shiny, dry, cool/cold skin
  • Loss of hair
  • Defined borders, deep, dry, necrotic tissue

Arterial wounds are often painful and found in areas like toes and feet.

39
Q

What is the common treatment for cellulitis?

A
  • Long-term antibiotics
  • Wound care
  • Reduction of edema

Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that can progress to osteomyelitis if untreated.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the Khorana Risk Score?

A

To assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients

This score helps in determining the need for preventive measures.

41
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

It is subject to mechanical trauma due to continuous exposure to high pulsatile pressure.

42
Q

What is PAD?

A

Peripheral arterial disease

A condition characterized by narrowed arteries reducing blood flow to the limbs.

43
Q

What are the three most common clinical conditions affecting the aorta?

A
  • Aneurysm
  • Dissection
  • Obstruction
44
Q

Define aortic aneurysm.

A

Localized dilatation of the aorta classified as an aneurysm when increased by 50% compared with normal.

45
Q

What is a true aneurysm?

A

Dilatation of all 3 layers of the aorta, creating a large bulge in the vessel wall.

46
Q

What is a pseudoaneurysm?

A

A contained rupture of the vessel lumen caused by blood leaking out of a hole in the intima and media layers, contained by the adventitia.

47
Q

What are common causes of aortic aneurysms?

A
  • Medial degeneration (e.g., Marfan’s syndrome)
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Infections
  • Vasculitis
  • Trauma/aortic dissection
48
Q

What is the primary function of veins?

A

To return blood to the heart and lungs.

49
Q

What percentage of total blood supply is in the venous system?

A

75%

50
Q

What are the layers of blood vessels?

A
  • Adventitia (tunica externa)
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica intima
51
Q

What characterizes arteries compared to veins?

A
  • Thicker walls
  • More smooth muscle
  • Smaller lumen
  • Maintains pressure through the system
52
Q

What is Intermittent Claudication?

A

Classic symptom of PAD characterized by pain in buttock, hip, thigh, calf, or feet during exercise.

53
Q

What are common symptoms of chronic ischemia?

A
  • Ulceration
  • Infection
  • Skin necrosis
54
Q

True or False: Most aortic aneurysms are symptomatic.

A

False

55
Q

What is the most devastating consequence of an aortic aneurysm?

A

Rupture, which is often fatal.

56
Q

What are the risk factors for aortic aneurysm rupture?

A
  • Increasing size
  • Rapid expansion
  • Tobacco use
  • Uncontrolled hypertension
  • Recent surgery
57
Q

What is the pathophysiology of PAD?

A

A mismatch of demands of the body’s organs and muscles and the supply of oxygen due to atherosclerotic stenosis.

58
Q

What is a common clinical presentation of a thoracic aneurysm?

A
  • Compression of neighboring structures
  • Cough
  • Dysphagia
  • Hoarseness
59
Q

What is the prevalence of PAD in Americans?

A

Approximately 8.5 million Americans have PAD.

60
Q

What is the survival rate for patients with a ruptured aortic aneurysm who reach the emergency department?

A

Less than 50%

61
Q

What is aortic dissection?

A

A tear in the intima into the media that spreads along the artery.

62
Q

What are the risk factors for aortic dissection?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Blunt trauma to chest
  • Hypertension

536 Body Systems (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions