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536 Body Systems > Cardiovascular Anat/Phys > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anat/Phys Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary arteries carry ____ blood

A

deoxygenated blood
to the lungs from the R ventricle

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2
Q

Pulmonary veins carry ____ blood

A

oxygenated blood
to the heart, entering the L atrium

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3
Q

R coronary artery supplies:

A

R atrium, ventricle
L ventricle (most ppl)
AV node, SA node (60% ppl), Bundle of His

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4
Q

infarct in R coronary a can impact:

A

R atrium/ventricle, conduction/timing of the heart leading to arrhythmias

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5
Q

L coronary a supplies:

A

L main artery branches into LAD and circumflex
LAD: L ventricle, septum, apex
circumflex: lat/inf walls L ventricle, SA node (40%)

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6
Q

infarct in L coronary a can impact:

A

conduction through bundle of his, resulting in arrhythmias, systemic circulation

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7
Q

tissue layers of the heart include:

A

endocardium
myocardium
visceral/parietal pericardium (separated by serous pericardium)
deep to superficial

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8
Q

what innervation influences myocardium?

A

vagus nerve
vasovagal syncope
PNS/SNS
cervical and thoracic sympathetic ganglion feed into sympathetic innervation of the heart

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9
Q

function of the endocardium

A

create smooth surface for blood flow
support valve/tissue
house purkinje fibers

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10
Q

AV valves

A

tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid

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11
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic

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12
Q

What factors affect cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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13
Q

stroke volume

A

blood volume ejected from the L ventricle per beat
normal is 55-100 mL

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14
Q

What affects SV?

A

preload: stretch experienced by muscle tissue before contraction, “priming”
afterload: F L ventricle has to overcome to pump blood to systemic circulation
contractility: squeezing pressure

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15
Q

ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood emptied from ventricle in systole
EF = SV/EDV
normal range 55% (60-70% ideal)

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16
Q

rate pressure product

A

HR x SBP
myocardial oxygen demand or energy cost of the cardiac muscle

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17
Q

neurohumeral influences on the heart include:

A

sympathetic/adrenergic
parasympathetic/cholinergic

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18
Q

sympathetic/adrenergic influence on the heart

A

control from medulla and T1-T4 to SA node, AV, conduction
increase HR/contractility –> increased oxygen demand
vasodilation of coronary aa.

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19
Q

parasympathetic/cholinergic

innervation, effects on heart

A

control from medulla through vagus nerve and cardiac plexus
to the SA and AV nodes
slow HR and contractility –> decreased oxygen demand
vasoconstricts coronary aa.

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20
Q

baroreceptor influence on heart

A

in wall of aortic arch and carotid sinus
respond to changes in BP
Drop in BP detected is corrected by SNS stim
Increase in BP detected is corrected by PNS stim

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21
Q

chemoreceptor influence on heart

A

in carotid body
detect changes in O2, CO2, pH
increased CO2/decreased O2/pH increase HR/RR
increased O2 decreases HR

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22
Q

hyperkalemia

A

increased potassium
decreased HR, contractility, arrhythmias, changed EKG

23
Q

hypokalemia

+ effect(s)

A

decreased potassium
EKG changes

24
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased Ca
increased HR, contractility
kidneys are affected
can lead to confusion and coma

25
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decreased Ca
arrhythmia

26
Q

hypermagnesmia

A

increased mg
Ca blocker, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, hypotension, confusion, lethargy

27
Q

hypomagnesium

A

decreased Mg
ventricular arrhythmias, coronary aa vasospasm

28
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle

A

1: filling ventricles, AV valves open, semilunar valves closed; SA node depolarizes then AV shortly after and starts ventricular contraction
2. isovolumetric contraction, pressure increasing but not yet high enough to open semilunar valves, AV close
3. ejection, semilunar valves open, SV
4. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation: semilunar valves close, as ventricle relaxes valves are closed and blood flows into atria

29
Q

segments of R Upper lobe

A

apical, anterior, superior, posterior

30
Q

segments of R middle lobe

A

medial, lateral

31
Q

segments of R lower lobe

A

anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

32
Q

segments of L upper lobe

A

apical, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior

33
Q

segments of L lower lobe

A

anterior basal, posterior basal, lateral basal

34
Q

carina

A

ridge in the trachea right above the bifurcation into the L and R bronchi

35
Q

mediastinum

contents

A

middle of thoracic cavity
heart
great vessels
thymus
esophogus
trachea
connective tissue
nerves

36
Q

Which clavicular line is used to palpate intercostal spaces for heart sounds?

A

midclavicular lines

37
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals, diaphragm

38
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

SCM, scalenes, pec minor

39
Q

muscles of expiration

A

mainly passive in normal breathing with elastic recoil
active breathing uses:
internal intercostals, abdominals, some QL

40
Q

what forces keep lungs inflated

A

inward pull with alveoli surface tension and outward pull with pleural cavity serous fluid surface tension

41
Q

pulmonary cycle

A

one inspiration and one expiration

42
Q

lung compliance

A

distensibility
like blowing up a balloon, how much resistance

43
Q

conditions impacting breathing mechanics

A

scoliosis
COPD
pulmonary fibrosis
premature babies
TBI
asthma

44
Q

brain structures controlling breathing

A

medulla, pons
control peripheral chemoreceptors for COs mainly

45
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased CO2 in blood
increase ventilation

46
Q

lung volumes

A

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve: volume to be inhaled after normal breath
expiratory reserve: volume to be exhaled after normal breath
residual volume: leftover air
inspiratory capacity: tidal + reserve
functional residual: expiratory reserve and residual
vital capacity: everything but residual

47
Q

surface anatomy landmark for aortic arch

A

3rd costochondral angle

48
Q

surface anatomy landmark for trachea

A

suprasternal notch

49
Q

surface anatomy landmark for thyroid

A

midway between thyroid cartilage and suprasternal notch

50
Q

pump handle mechanism

A

sternum and xiphoid process move sagitally forward and up with inhalation

51
Q

palpation of the neck

A

most superior bone felt is hyoid
below is thyroid cartilage
below is cricoid cartilage
below are tracheal rings

52
Q

location of auscultation of heart sounds

A

aortic valve: R second costochondral space
tricuspid: 4th space
pulmonic valve: L space
mitral valve: 5th space

53
Q

bucket handle mechanism

A

ribs upwardly rotate and elevate while inhaling

536 Body Systems (13 decks)

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