Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

536 Body Systems > Cardiovascular Examination > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Examination Flashcards

1
Q

S/S indicating cardiovascular examination necessary

A

chest pain, SOB, palpitations
fatigue
syncope/dizziness
Hx smoking/drugs/alcohol
symptoms brought on by exertion
onset/progression, nature, aggravating/alleviating factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chart review for cardiac examination

A

imaging/procedures/lab values/ABGs
PMH/PSH
medications
nutrition
social history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

General components of cardiac exam for PT

A

observe posture, breathing, cough
skin color/diaphoresis
pulse rhythm/quality
vitals
heart/lung sounds
chest wall motion/palpation
rhythm -EKG
circulation/lypmhatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pericarditis: condition/causes

A

inflammation of pericardium or serous fluid, self limited 1-3 weeks
most often viral, can be bacterial/inflammation induced from other cause
systemic disease can also onset or trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pericarditis: S/S

A

sharp/dull retrosternal pain
worse with cough/breathing/supine
relieved by sitting up/forward
dyspnea/cough
malaise/fever
EKG usually normal or ST elevation
friction rub on auscultation as layers rub together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pericarditis management

A

rest, pain relief, high dose antibiotics, pericardial drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

chronic form, results in thickening pericardium restricting heart expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

constrictive pericarditis s/s

A

dyspnea, fatigue from decreased CO
syncope/dizzyness
retrosternal chest pain
JVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pericardial effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in pericardial space beyond normal 15-50 mL
stiff pericardium doesn’t tolerate fluid fluctuations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pericardial effusion s/s

A

fullness in chest, cough, dysphagia
muffled heart/lung sounds, dull percussion L lung
enlarged cardiac silhouette on xray
ECHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pericardial effusion treatment

A

pericardiocentesis to drain fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

overaccumulation of pericardial fluid exerts pressure on heart
caused by pericarditis especially from cancer, viral, trauma, aortic aneurysm
results in poor filling of the heart, decreased BP, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cardiac tamponade s/s

A

hypotension, shock, decreased CO like dyspnea/syncope, cough, tachycardia/pnea
JVD, decreased heart sounds
Beck’s triad: hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cardiac tamponade treatment

A

pericardial window to relieve pressure and drain fluid
pericardiocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

endocarditis

causes, tests

A

endocardium infection
often travels from other part of the body
eg dental work, GI/urinary procedure, catheter, tattoo
at risk those w artificial valve/damaged valve
can travel in body
test for w labs for inflammation, EKG, ECHO/TEE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

endocarditis s/s

A

flu like rapid onset
mitral valve regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

endocarditis treatment

A

long term antibiotics
cardiac supportive measures
may need valve replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

myocarditis

causes and possible effects

A

inflammation of heart muscle
drug induced bac/viral infection
weakens pump/conduction
can lead to MI/CVA/arrhythmia/heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

myocarditis s/s

A

fever, diffuse chest pain, fatigue, SOB, edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

cholesterol
stress
diabetes
diet
HTN
weight BMI>30
activity level
tobacco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

coronary artery disease

A

coronary arteries damaged or diseased
atherosclerotic plaque formed in vessel lumen
caused by fat or cholesterol build up in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Non modifiable risk factors for CV disease

A

age >65 men >55 women
family history in 1st degree relative
genetics
male>female
african-american
chronic kidney disease
low SES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does kidney function generally impact the heart?

A

manages fluid volume and releases humoral regulatory mechanisms

23
Q

primary vs secondary hypertension

A

primary - idiopathic, 90-95%
secondary - from kidney or endocrine disease

24
Q

hypertension BP guidelines

A

normal <120/80
elevated 120-129/<80
stage 1 130-139/80-89
stage 2 >140/90
hypertensive emergency >180/>20 or >160/>100 w CV risk factors

25
Q

additional risk factors for HTN beyond CV risks

A

stress
sleep apnea
birth control pill
mod alc use

26
Q

White coat HTN

A

BP elevated in office but normal at home
13-35%

27
Q

Masked HTN

A

office BP readings normal while at home are elevated

28
Q

effect of HTN on the heart

A

overload L ventricle increaeses stiffness, can lead to heart failure w/ EF, predisposed to MI

29
Q

Manage HTN

A

weight loss
aerobic exercise
limit sodium
reduce alc
stop smoking
treat sleep apnea
pharm agents
treatment depends on degree of HTN and risk factors

30
Q

PT considerations for ther ex/treatment of pt w HTN

A

monitor BP
beta blockers blunt HR response, decrease exercise tolerance, + increased risk of hypoglycemia
avoid valsalva
extend warm up/cool down
hypotension post exercise

31
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

drop in BP with position change supine - sit - stand
sustained BP reduction >20
caused by autonomic dysfx, volume depletion, CV disease, meds, neurogenic dx, paraneoplastic syndrome

32
Q

orthostatic hypotension s/s

A

lightheadness, dizziness, falls, LOC, visual/cog disturbance, weakness, fatigue

33
Q

POTS

A

postural orthostatic tachycardic syndrome
increase in HR >30bpm, HR >120 bpm standing
relieved by laying down

34
Q

POTS treatment

A

target low blood volume
Na+, hydration, meds

35
Q

PT implications of orthostatic conditions

A

caution when standing, move LE before standing, Valsalva, pressure garments
CV training for those who have avoided exercise

36
Q

CAD risk factors

A

men >45, women >55
family history primary relatives
smoker
BMI>30
HTN 140>90
dyslipidemia
diabetes
chronic inflammation

37
Q

HDL

A

good cholesterol
high density lipoproteins
increase with stopping smoking, weight loss, increasing aerobic exercise
elevated triglycerides reduce HDL

38
Q

LDL

A

bad cholesterol
predict MI better than total level
ideal <100 or <75 w risk factors

39
Q

PT role in CAD

A

prevention w exercise prescription
improve event free survival
prescribe >150 min mod exercise over the week, resistance training

40
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

mismatch myocardial O2 demand and supply
hypoxia
ventricular wall stress, preload, HR and contractility determine O2 demand

41
Q

angina pectoris

A

discomfort in chest due to myocardial ischemia
burning/pressure

42
Q

stable angina

A

predictable pattern of discomfort that goes away and is triggered by activity and improves with rest or short time
tachycardia, diaphoresis, nausea, dyspnea

43
Q

levine’s sign

A

clenched fist over sternum
stable angina sign

44
Q

triggers of stable angina

A

high BP
anemia - lacking Hb
stress
extreme cold
heavy meals
physical exertion

45
Q

Anginal scale

A

1+ light
2+ mod/bothersome
3+severe/v uncomfy
4+most severe pain

46
Q

PT implications of stable angina

A

anginal picture - what causes and relieves pain
How much exertion can pt take/exercise tolerance
know meds and impact
goal to increase tolerance of ADLs
mod intensity 40-60%

47
Q

variant or Prinzmetal angina

A

coronary artery spasm, not ischemia
at rest/nighttime
active patients, may/may not have CAD

48
Q

silent ischemia

A

asymptomatic episodes, detected on EKG

49
Q

unstable angina

A

progression of ischemic heart disease
precursor to MI
increase in frequency or duration
lower threshold to trigger symptoms
chest pain not relieved by rest
changing pattern

50
Q

PT implications of unstable angina

A

extended warm up and cool down
know anginal picture so you know if it changes
pt education on symptom monitoring
pt meds
30-40% intensity
take vitals!

51
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

ischemia, often caused by thrombus/occlusion
chest pain > 20 min not relieved by rest
necrosis can occur

52
Q

clinical features of MI

A

unstable angina
severe substernal crushing pain
dyspnea
diaphoresis
nausea/weakness/vomiting
EKG abnx
serum biomarkers troponins/CK

53
Q

MI medical management

A

revascularization ASAP - cath lab <90 min
CABG
supplemental O2, bedrest, monitor EKG/ECHO, control arrhythmias

54
Q

TIMI score

A

thrombolysis in MI risk score
1. age >65
2. 3+ CAD risk factors
3. CA stenosis>50%
4. ST elevation
5. 2 angina episodes in 24 hours
6. aspirin use in last week
7. elevated serum troponin or CK
indicates ischemia/mortality risk

55
Q

Time table for reperfusion of heart tissue

A

within 20 min - full salvage of tissue
within 2-4 hours - partial salvage of tissue
beyond this point, necrosis and tissue is not salvagable

56
Q

MI complications

A

recurrent ischemiaarrhythmias
heart failure
cardiogenic shock
R ventricular infarction
acute pericarditis
thromboembolism

536 Body Systems (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions