Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micobiology/immuno Section 3 > Various viruses > Flashcards

Various viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What type of genome does polio virus encode?

A

(+) ssRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is polio virus’s tissue tropism?

A

It infects GI epithelial cells, but may spread to muscles and neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is polio Virus transmitted?

A

Fecal Oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does poliovirus cause in most people?

A

95% asymptomatic acute GI infection

1% paralytic infection of motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the reservoir of polio virus?

A

ONLY humans - why it is able to be erradicated (if we didn’t fuck up in pakistan whoops)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the Polio virus recognize, enter, and uncoat at the GI epithelial cells?

A
  1. It Binds a cell-surface receptor
  2. virion becomes hydrophobic –creating pore through cell membrane
  3. capsid pulled open by receptors to release genome into cytosol
    - UNCOATS at plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the next step after uncoating for the poliovirus?

A
  • Host ribosome translates genome into polyprotein w/ a protease at the end
  • protease cuts polyprotein into smaller proteins, the last of which is RDRP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In RNA (+) viruses, in reference to RDRP levels, when does translation occur and when does replication occur?

A

translation occurs when RDRP is scarce

replication occurs later when RDRP is abundant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does replication occur for the poliovirus?

A

In a vesicle (check what kind)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does the polio virus egress?

A

Through cell lysis (This is common for enteroviruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does the switch from mRNA synthesis to genome RNA synthesis occur?

A

When enough capsid proteins accumulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of viruses encode RDRP?

A

ALL RNA viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of viruses always package RDRP?

A

(-) ssRNA viruses and dsRNA viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of polio virus?

A

Treatment:
-control symptoms - breathing support

Prevention:
-Vaccine, sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How would you classify a rotavirus?

A
  • Icosahedral
  • dsRNA segmented
  • naked
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What symptoms does an infection with rotavirus cause?

A

Severe gastroenteritis

-profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who does rotavirus primarily infect?

A

Children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the seasonal occurence of rotavirus?

A

It has a peak incidence in the winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur for the rotavirus? (and all other RNA viruses except influenza)

A

In the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the rotavirus egress?

A

Through exocytosis (from vesicles from the ER) or cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do rotaviruses mature?

A

In the gut lumen and then go on to infect other enterocytes or are cleared by diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How would you treat a patient with rotavirus?

A

Oral rehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is there a vaccine for rotavirus?

A

Yes - live attenuated rotarix and rotateq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How would you classify influenza?

A

Helical, (-)ssRNA segmented, enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does transcription and translation of influenza occur?

A

In the nucleus- it travels there via a nuclear localization signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does the influenza virus egress?

A

Budding - N antigen releases virions via hemaglutinin from sialic acid on cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are influenza virions shed?

A

Through respiratory droplets - coughs and sneezes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some treatments for influenza and what do these do?

A

Tamiflu (oseltamimivir) & relenza (zanamivir) - block the release of virions

Amantadine targets host interacting proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of strains are in a flu vaccine?

A

It is trivalent consisting of two A strains and one B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If different subtypes of influenza combine to form a new influenza subtype what is this called?

A 
Antigenic shift (genetic shuffling)
PANDEMIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

If a mutation occurs, creating a different form of the same strain, what is this called?

A

Antigenic Drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How would you classify HIV?

A

Icosahedral, (+)RNA TWO copies, enveloped

RETROVIRUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How would you tell the difference between an infection with the flu or HIV?

A

In HIV there will be sores of the viscera, thrush (candida) and lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When is a person classified as having AIDS?

A

When their T cell count is below 200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When is a person classified as having AIDs with an advanced HIV infection?

A

When their T cell count is below 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 7 stages of HIV infection?

A
  1. Transmission
  2. Primary HIV infection - acute phase
  3. Seroconversion
  4. Latent period
  5. Early symptomatic HIV infection
  6. AIDs
  7. Advanced AIDs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the HIV cell tropism and host range?

A

CD4+ T cells and macrophages

ONLY humans can be infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Name some opportunistic infections in patients with AIDs?

A
  1. P. carinii pneumonia
  2. esophageal candidiassi
  3. karposis sarcoma
  4. M avium
  5. TB
  6. Cytomegalovirus
  7. bacterial pnuemonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How does the HIV virus penetrate the cell?

A

fusion - it has an envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the next 3 steps of HIV pathogenesis after fusion?

A
  1. Reverse Transcriptase converts RNA+ to dsDNA
    - –cytoplasm
  2. Integrase integrates dsDNA into host genome, 3.host RNA Pol2 transcribes mRNA from integrated genome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does HIV maturation occur?

A

Outside of the cell membrane - HIV protease cleaves the capsid proteins and forms the final trapezoidal shape

42
Q

How would you diagnose HIV infection?

A
  1. antibodies to gp120
  2. PCR for viral load
  3. T cell count
43
Q

What are some ways to avoid risk of infection with HIV?

A

Public health is very important, use condoms, avoid unsterilized needles

44
Q

What is used to treat HIV?

A

ART - combination drugs targeting

RT, integrase, protease, CCR5 antagonists

45
Q

What is occurring during clinical latency of HIV?

A

There are more T cells than virus present

46
Q

Which DNA viruses encode their own DNA Polymerase?

A

Adenovirus, Herpesvirus (Large DNA viruses)

47
Q

Which viruses are genetically more stable RNA or DNA viruses?

A

DNA viruses (RDRP has higher fidelity -error rate is 1 in 10^5 as opposed to 1 in 10^3, also proofreads)

48
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of an infection with adenovirus?

A

Pharyngoconjunctival fever, laryngitis and cough, pnuemonia

Others:
keratoconjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, acute hemorrhagic cystitis

49
Q

How is adenovirus transmitted?

A

Aerosol or fecal oral (nonchlorinated swimming pools)

50
Q

Describe the 5 steps of adenovirus pathogenesis from entry until uncoating

A
  1. Spikes bind to cell surface receptor
  2. enters via endocytosis
  3. endosome acidification causes spikes to lyse the vesicle
  4. capsid travels to nuclear membrane
  5. genome uncoats through nuclear pore
51
Q

where is HSV-1 latent?

A

tri gem ganglia

52
Q

where is HSV-2 latent

A

in neurons

53
Q

where is varicella-zooster virus latent?

A

dorsal root ganglion

54
Q

where is epstein barr latent?

A

B cells in bone marrow

55
Q

where is HHV 6&7 latent (roseola)?

A

CD4 cels

56
Q

what antiviral can be used to treat HSV1,2 and varicella-zooster

A

acyclovir

57
Q

what can epstein barr virus reactivate as in immunocompromised people?

A

lymphoma

58
Q

is herpes virus restrictive to humans? what about herpes simplex virus?

A

HV is human restrictive

HSV is not human restrictive

59
Q

does herpes use host or viral DNA pol. for replication?

A

viral DNA polymerase

60
Q

where does herpes virus get its envelope from?

A

host golgi membrane

61
Q

what is the definition of latency?

A

genome is present in cell but infectious virions are absent

62
Q

list 3 complications of zooster virus

A

bell’s palsy-facial paralysis
postherpetic neuralgia-acute pain
retinitis-virus infects optic nerve, can permently go blind

63
Q

what diagnosis method would you use to distinguish between a HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection?

A

PCR and serology

64
Q

list 4 complications of chicken pox

A

hepatitis
encephalitis
pneumonitis
bacterial infection- getting staph aureus at the site of infection

65
Q

what are the symptoms of the prodome stage of herpes zooster?

A

burning, itching, tingling

66
Q

how is zooster lesions contagious?

A

can spread the virus to children who have not yet been infected with chicken pox

67
Q

list 3 complications of zooster virus

A

bell’s palsy
postherpetic neuralgia-acute pain
retinitis-virus infects optic nerve, can permently go blind

68
Q

what is herpes zoster ophthalmicus which can occur in the 30% of zooster outbreaks that infect the face

A

any tissue in the eye can be infected during HZO

virus can destroy retina-lead to blindness

69
Q

what vaccines are there for the ZVZ?

A

varicella vaccine people age 1-50

zooster vaccine for people over 50

70
Q

what two cells does epstein barr virus infect?

A

oral epithelial cells and B cells in tonsils

71
Q

how do you diagnose epstein barr virus?

A

serology for herrophile antibodies

72
Q

why would you diagnose for epstein barr virus if there is no treatment?

A

to differentiate between EBV and strep throat which you would give medication for

73
Q

how do you distinguish from EBV and CMV?

A

CMV has a rash and NO sore throat

74
Q

how do you screen for CMV and who is screened?

A

you can diagnose with serology, culture and PCR but it is really only done on pregnant women

75
Q

how is EBV and HHV6&7 transmitted?

A

through salvia

76
Q

what characterizes HHV6&7 (roseola)?

A

3 day illness of fever, followed by faint rash on trunk

77
Q

what is the peak age of roseola infection?

A

7-13 months

78
Q

what is the treatment for roseola infantum?

A

NONE

79
Q

is the roseola rash contageous?

A

NO. the salvia is

80
Q

Where does transcription and replication occur in adenovirus and other DNA viruses?

A

Nucleus

81
Q

Does host or viral RNA polymerase perform transcription in DNA viruses?

A

ALWAYS HOST RNA pol II

82
Q

In adenovirus what molecule performs replication?

A

viral DNA polymerase

83
Q

What are the stages of gene expression in adenovirus?

A

controlled by host/viral transcription factors:

  • immediate early=viral TFs
  • early=Viral DNA Polymerase
  • late=capsid for packaging virions
84
Q

How does adenovirus egress?

A

Cell lysis

85
Q

Which viruses egress by cell lysis?

A
  1. Poliovirus
  2. Rotavirus
  3. Adenovirus
86
Q

Is there treatment for adenovirus infections?

A

Yes - cidovfovir but only used for most dire cases since it is a nephrotoxin

87
Q 
Which viruses of these listed do NOT have a vaccine available?
Poliovirus
Rotavirus 
Influenza Virus
HIV
Adenovirus
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Herpes Virus
HSV-1
HSV-2
Varicella-Zoster (VZV)
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Roseola (HHV6 & HHV7)
Hepatitis A
Hepatistis B
Hepatitis C
A
  1. HIV
  2. EBV
  3. Cytomegalovirus
  4. Hepatitis C
88
Q

According to Moffat, what is the most commonly diagnosed STD in the US?

A

Papilloma virus

89
Q

What symptoms does infection with papilloma virus cause?

A

common warts, plantar warts, genital warts

90
Q

What are the malignancies associated with papilloma virus and how are these caused?

A
  • head and neck cancer
  • cervical cancer
  • penile cancer

-oncogene activation - E6 and E7

91
Q

What is the tropism for the papillomavirus?

A

Differentiated Epithelial cells

92
Q

Where does the initial phase of the papilloma virus infection occur?

A

In the basal epithelium

93
Q

What molecule performs DNA synthesis for the papilloma virus?

A

Host DNA polymerase - small DNA virus

94
Q

How would you diagnose an infection with HPV?

A

DNA testing for the different types

95
Q

What are the different treatment methods for an infection with HPV?

A

cryotherapy, chemical ablation, colposcopy, oncotherapy

96
Q

What are the two vaccines available for HPV composed of?

A

VLP - virus like particles - empty capsids

-abs are created to full 3D structure

97
Q

How long does an infection with herpes virus last for?

A

fooooooreeeeeeevvvvver - lifelong

98
Q

What is the host range for herpes virus?

A

ONLY humans

99
Q

What does latency mean?

A

Genome is present in a cell, but infectious virions are absent

100
Q

What is the tropism for :

  1. HSV-1
  2. VSV
  3. HCMV
  4. EBV
A
  1. HSV-1, VSV - neurons
  2. HCMV - Hemapoetic stem cells
  3. EBV -B cells
101
Q

Describe the steps of pathogenesis of herpes virus

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Fusion or endocytosis
  3. Uncoating at nuclear pore
  4. Host RNA Pol2 transcribes mRNA
  5. Travels to the cytosol
  6. translation occurs in phases in cytosol
  7. genome replicated by Viral DNA Polymerase, 8. capsid assembles in nucleus and enclsoes tegument and genome
  8. Virion buds through nuclear membrane to gain envelope!
  9. virion egresses via exocytosis (cell not harmed by virus)

micobiology/immuno Section 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions