Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micobiology/immuno Section 3 > poopy parasites > Flashcards

poopy parasites Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of the active replicating form of a protozoa?

A

trophozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the name of the inactive form of a protozoa?

A

a cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which 4 groups can protozoa be divided into? what is this classification based upon?

A

classification based upon their ogans of locomotion

  1. amoebas
  2. flagellates
  3. ciliates
  4. sporozoans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of locomotion do amoeba do?

A

pseudopod locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of protozoa is entamoeba histolytica?

A

an amoeba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

list the 5 important flagellate protozoa

A
  1. giardia lambia
  2. trichomonas vaginalis
  3. trypanosoma cruzi (american trypanosomiasis)
  4. brucei (african tryp.)
  5. leishmania species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what group is balantidium coli part of?

A

ciliate protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of locomotion do sporozoans do?

A

NO locomotion (maybe slight amoeboid movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what group is the plasmodium species part of?

A

sporozoan protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what 4 parasites are in the plasmodium species?

A

P. virax- malaria
P. flciparum
P. ovale
P. malariae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what two groupings can be helminthes be classified into?

A

cestodes and nemotodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the classification for flat worms/tape worms?

A

cestodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how are cestodes acquired?

A

eating underprepared meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 3 major members of the cestode group?

A

taenia solium-pork tapeworm
taenia saginata- beef tapeworm
diphyllobothrium latum-fish tapeworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the grouping with round worms called?

A

nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 5 common members of nematodes?

A
  1. ascaris lumbricoides
  2. anclostoma duodenale
  3. necator americanus (hookworms)
  4. trichuria trichirua (whip worm)
  5. enterobius vermicularis (pin worm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what species are the malaria parasites?

A

plasmodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 4 parasites in the plasmodium species?

A

p. falciparum
p. vivax
p. ovale
p. malariae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what parasite does HbS and HbC protect against?

A

P. falciparum malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

people who lack duffy red blood cell antigen are resistant to which parasite?

A

P. vivax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what parasite is the predominant form of malaria in africa?

A

P. falciparum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the stages in a classical malaria attack and how long does it last?

A

last 6-10 hours

  1. cold stage
  2. hot stage
  3. sweating stage
  4. fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is protein-1 (PfEMP-1)

A

the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein that is central to malaria pathogenesis.
this protein is expressed on infected red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what two host molecules does PfEMP-1 proteins adhere to?

A

CD36 and ICAM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

on what cells is CD36 expressed?

A

microvascular endothelium
monocytes
platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what role is CD36 thought to play in malaria infection?

A

it is a cytoadherence receptor thought to mediate the sequestration of parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the role of ICAM-1

A

it is the principal cytoadherence receptor for sequestration of infected red blood cells in the cerebral microvasculature (cerebral malaria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the involvement of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)?

A

parasitized erythrocytes may bind to it which is on the placenta- this can account for malaria’s role in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 3 types of leishmania forms in people?

A
  1. cutaneous-skin sores
  2. visceral-can be life threatening attacking organs
  3. mucosal-less common and can be a consequence of a cutaneous infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how do leishmania parasites spread?

A

sand flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the causative agent in american trypanosomiasis?

A

T. cruzi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what causes american trypanosomiasis?

A

kissing bugs, insects

occurs when contaminated bug feces get into human skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is Romana’s sign?

A

swelling around the eye

it is where the parasite entered the skin and caused local infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is human babesiosis?

A

it is a zoonotic disease transmitted during the blood meal of an infected hard bodied tick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

that tick that transmits baesia can also transmit what bacteria?

A

borrelia burgdoferi (lyme disease)

36
Q

in the US and canada, what is the most commonly diagnosed enteric parasite?

A

giardia lamblia

37
Q

how is giardia acquired?

A

through oral ingestion of giardia cysts through contaminated water or through person to person or foodborne transmission

38
Q

what is the diagnosis of giardia made?

A

demonstrating cysts in teh stool or detection of giardia antigen in the stool

39
Q

how does transmission of crytosporidiosis occur?

A

ingestion of oocytes

40
Q

where and why is one of the places that is a high risk factor for crytosporidiosis?

A

recreational pools

because it is highly resistant to chlorination and can be tied to fecal-oral contamination at these pools

41
Q

When do symptoms begin for an infection with crypto? and what is the most common symptom? How long do the symptoms last?

A

2 to 10 days
watery diarrhea
Last 1- 2 weeks

42
Q

What is the most common host defesense defect associated with crypto?

A

HIV. Immuno compromised people recover without treatment

43
Q

Where in the body do entamoeba histolytica usually infect?

A

Intestinal and extraintestinal infections

44
Q

How does one get infected with entamoeba histolytica?

A

Ingestion of cysts in contaminated water with fecal matter

45
Q

What is the most common disease manifestation in a E. Histolytica infection?

A

Diarrhea without dysentry

46
Q

What is a more severe form of an E. Histolytica infection?

A

Liver abscess - RIGHT lobe (80%)

  • RUQ pain and fever or
  • Weight loss, fever, abdominal pain
47
Q

What are the hosts of T. Vaginalis

A

ONLYYY humans

48
Q

Is infection with Trichomonas vaginalis common?

A

Yes very - in US and worldwide

49
Q

If you have a woman with T. Vaginalis infection what can you suspect?

A

She is a RATCHET, dirty sexual hoe with a smelly vaggg

- High risk sexual behavior

50
Q

What are symptoms of an infection with T. Vaginalis?

A

-Vaginal discharge - 42% - FROTHY
-Odor 50%
edema 22-37%

I’m going to throw up…

51
Q

What can an infection wtih T. Vaginalis be mistaken with?

A

Cnadidiasis and bacterial vaginosis

52
Q

Do people always have a nasty frothy discharge with T. Vaginalis?

A

No –50% of women are asymptomatic

Most men are asymptomatic

53
Q

What type of worm is ascariasis?

A

An intestinal nematode - round worm

54
Q

What is the most common helminth infection?

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides - more than 1/4 of world’s population!! wo0owza

55
Q

What is the appearance and location of ascaris lumbricoides?

A

White and pinkish 15-35 cm

Live and mate in the lumen of jejunum

56
Q

How many ova do ascaris lumbricoides female worms secrete?

A

200,000 each day

57
Q

When is ascariasis lumbricoides infectious?

A

When eggs in the single cell stage are passed in the feces and reach a favorable environment

58
Q

What is the life cycle of ascariasis?

A
  1. eggs are ingested - hatch in small intestine
  2. larvae penetrate intestinal wall –> venous blood through liver –> heart (4 days later)
  3. 6-10 days - break into alveoli and ascend tracheobronchial tree
  4. Swallowed - return to small intestines and develop into mature worms

-Adult worms Live 10-24 months

59
Q

What are the symtpoms of an ascariasis infection?

A

Most people are asymptomatic

-some - pulm symptoms after 2nd week of ingestion - hypersensitivity response

-kids - plug up ileocecal valve
Perforation, intususception, volvulus, death

60
Q

How is whipworm transmitted?

A

Through the soil

61
Q

Is an infection with whipworm common?

A

Yes - 3rd most common round worm

Poor rural communities with poor sanitary conditions

62
Q

What type of worm is whipworm?

A

Intestinal Nematode

63
Q

What is the lifecycle of the whipworm?

A
  1. eggs shed in stool - undergo maturation
  2. Ingested - hatches in GI tract and matures to adult worm
  3. adult worm lives for 1-3 years
64
Q

What is a severe infection of whipworm?

A

It can occur in the distal part of colon

May lead to rectal relapse - recurring

65
Q

What kind of worm is a hookworm

A

Soil transmitted helminth (nematode)

66
Q

Where are helminth infections common?

A

Where feces are used as fertilizer

67
Q

What is the lifecycle of the helminth?

A
  1. eggs passed into stool
  2. hatch - warmth, moisture, shade
  3. released rhabditiform larvae grow in feces or soil
  4. penetrate human skin (foot)
  5. carried thru blood to heart and lungs
  6. penetrate alveoli, go to pharynx
  7. swallowed
  8. reach small intestine - reside and mature
68
Q

What is the infectious stage of the hook worm?

A

Rhabditiform

69
Q

What is the most common worm infection in the US?

A

Human pinworm - enterobius vernicularis

70
Q

Where is a place susceptible for pinworm infections?

A

schools, daycares

71
Q

How is a person infected with pinworms?

A

Ingesting their eggs (directly or indirectly)

72
Q

Where are the eggs of a pinworm deposited?

A

Around the anus at night

73
Q

What is the most common clinical presentation of infection with pinworm?

A

Itchy anal region

74
Q

What is a tapeworm?

A

An intestinal cestode - flat and segmented

75
Q

What is the main cause of tapeworm infections?

A

Eating undercooked meat from infected animals

76
Q

What are the three most common tapeworms?

A
  1. Taenia saginata - beef (also black bears)
  2. Taenia solium - pork (also boar)
  3. Diphyllobothrium latum - fish
77
Q

How do the animals get infected with tapeworm?

A

After eating human feces with Taenia eggs

78
Q

Where do the taeinia eggs hatch and do they stay there?

A

They hatch in the animals small intestine, migrate to striated muscle

79
Q

What is the name of the infectious tapeworm?

A

cysticerci

80
Q

What do cysticerci do once a human ingests them?

A

They migrate to the small intestine and mature to adults - produce segments and eggs passed in feces

81
Q

What is a condition in which a person infects themselves with T. Solium?

A

They will develop cysticercosis

  • eggs hatch in intestine
  • invade intestinal wall and migrate to striated muscles, brain, liver —> neurocystericosis
82
Q

What are the largest worms that can infect people?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum - fish or broad tapeworm

- can grow up to 30 feet

83
Q

What should you avoid if you don’t want a nasty diphyllobothrium latum infection?

A
  • raw food

- sushi, sashimi, carpaccio di persico, tartare, ceviche, marinated herring

84
Q

What stage is the cyst?

A

The resistant stage of the parasite. It is also infective to the human host

85
Q

What are flat worms ?

A

Cestodes

86
Q

What is an important feature of P. falciparum’s pathogenesis ?

A

Ability of its mature trophozoites and schizont forms to sequester in deep venous microvasculature

micobiology/immuno Section 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions