variation, genetics & inheritance PG 84-87 IN CGP GUIDE

Question 1

what does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

what does DNA determine?

Answer 2

it determines your inherited chacteristics

Question 3

where is DNA found?

Answer 3

in animal and plant nucleus, in long structuresn = chromosomes (normally in pairs)

Question 4

DNA is a polymer, whats it shape ?

Answer 4

2 strands coiled together in a double helix

Question 5

what is a gene

Answer 5

a small section of DNA found on a chromosome

Question 6

what does a gene code for?

Answer 6

sequecnce of amino acids which makes a specific protein

Question 7

what else do DNA determine?

Answer 7

what protein the cells produce e.g keratin, heamoglobin

Question 8

what is a geonome?

Answer 8

entire set of genetic material in an organism

Question 9

give a reason why understanding human geonomes are importnat 4 science?

Answer 9

-allows them to indentify genes in the geonome that are linked to diff types of diseases

Question 10

give a reason why understanding human geonomes are importnat 4 science?

Answer 10

knowing what genes link to inherited disease

find treatments

Question 11

give a reason why understanding human geonomes are importnat 4 science?

Answer 11

can trace migration of some population from the geonome

Question 12

what are nucleotides?

Answer 12

DNA(polymers) made up of repeating units

Question 13

how many types of nucleotides are there

Answer 13

4

Question 14

what is a nucleotide made up of

Answer 14

1 phospahte moluclue
1 sugar
1 base

Question 15

what a the diff types of bases whic join to each sugar?

Answer 15

A T G C

Question 16

which bases are complemetary

Answer 16

A & T

G & C

Question 17

WHAT DO 3 BASES CODE FOR

Answer 17

1 amino acid

Question 18

what does the non-coding parts of a protein do?

Answer 18

switch genes on and off - so they control if its expresses or not

Question 19

where are proteins made

Answer 19

in the cell cytoplasm on the rhibosome ( protein synthesis occurs)

Question 20

how is the protein made?

Answer 20

-part of the DNA unwinds ( in nucleus)
-an mRNA is then made by copying the code [transcription]
-mRNA = a messenger and carries the code to rhibosome
-then a carries molecule (tRNA) attachtes to the mRNA = brings specific amino acids to form protein
-FINALY THE PROTIEN FOLDS INOT A SPECIFIC SHAPE

Question 21

what are protein functions?

Answer 21

-antbodies
-struactual, keratin,colagen
-hormonese.g insulin
-enzymes

Question 22

what are mutations

Answer 22

a random change to the base sequence of an organisms DNA [may be inherited]

Question 23

what is a gene mutation

Answer 23

a change in the nucleotide sequence in DNA for a specific traig

Question 24

what are non coding parts often calles

Answer 24

itrons

Question 25

whats a detrimental mutation

Answer 25

-can be harmful
-stop the gene sequence and prevents the protein from fuctioning normally
[active site may be chnaged]

Question 26

whats a benefical mutation

Answer 26

change in gene sequence to create new variations

Question 27

whats a neutral mutation

Answer 27

has no effect on the fuctioning of the specific protein

Question 28

name 3 types of mutations

Answer 28

-insertion
-deletion
-substution

Question 29

whats an insertion

Answer 29

when you add a new base into the sequence
e.g ATG –> ATCG

Question 30

whats a deletion

Answer 30

a random base is delted
e.g ATG —. AG

Question 31

whats a substition

Answer 31

a random base is chamged to a dif base

Question 32

what do insertions,deletions and substitions affect?

Answer 32

may affect more that 1 amino acid as it would have a knock on affect through out the sequence

• if the active site of the enzyme changes the substrate would no linger be able to bind to it

Question 33

whats sexual reproduction

Answer 33

genentic info from mum and dad combine to produce off spring

/ the male and female gametes FUSING= the offspring contains a mixture parents gametes

Question 34

by what procsees are gametes produces during sexual reproduction

Answer 34

meisosis

Question 35

how many chromosomes does a gamete have

Answer 35

23 - half normal cells

Question 36

what is fertilisation?

Answer 36

the fusion between female and male gammetes

Question 37

what does fertilasition allow in off spring

Answer 37

-to have inherited features from both parents
-variation

Question 38

what is asexual reproduction

Answer 38

-1 parents
-by mitosis
-no variation in off spring[clones]
-exact same DNA

Question 39

whats an allele

Answer 39

alternitive form of genes which code for a specific gene