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biology > hormonal co-ordination in animals & plants > Flashcards

hormonal co-ordination in animals & plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up from?

A

endocrine glands - which secrete hormones

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2
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine

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3
Q

what is the job of thyroxine?

A

regulates the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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4
Q

what does the adrenal gland produce?

A

produces an adrenaline
-fight or flight

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5
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

insulin & glucagon

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6
Q

what does insulin do?

A

regulates the blood glucose level

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7
Q

what does the pituitary gland produce?

A

-it produces many hormones
-which regulates body conditions

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8
Q

what do ovaries produce?

A

-oestrogen

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9
Q

what is oestrogen involved with?

A

-the menstrual cycle

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10
Q

what do testes produce?

A

testosterone

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11
Q

what is testosterone involved with?

A

-puberty and sperm production

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12
Q

list 3 facts abt nerves? (compared to hormones)

A

-FAST action
-act for a very SHORT TIME
-acts on PRECISE AREA

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12
Q

lise 3 facts abt hormones? (compared to nerve)

A

-SLOWER action
-act for a LONG TIME
-act in a more GENERAL WAY

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13
Q

normal______of cells remove glucose from blood?

A

metabolism

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14
Q

what removes ALOTTTT of glucose from blood?

A

vigorous exercise

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15
Q

what is excess glucose converted to and where is it stored?

A

-glycagon
-liver

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16
Q

what hormone is used when the blood glucose level is to high or low?

A

insulin-secreted by the pancreas

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17
Q

what is added to blood when the glucose level is too HIGH?

A

insulin is added

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18
Q

what is added to blood when the glucose level is too LOW?

A

glucagon

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19
Q

descreibe what happens when blood glucose levels r too high?

A

-insulin gets secreted by pancreas into blood
-insulin makes glucose—> glycogen
-blood containg insulin and glycogen diffuses into liver

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20
Q

what happens when blood glucose levels r too low?

A

-glucagon secreted by pancreas in to blood
-glucagon converts glycogen—>glucose IN THE LIVER
-then glucose diffuses into blood

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21
Q

what happens if u have type 2
diabetes? - insulin

A

-body becomes resistant to it

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22
Q

what happens in type 1 diabetes-insulin?

A

pancreas secretes little to none insulin
-Insulin therapy cn be used

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23
Q

what makes urine/how?

A

removes waste products of of your blood.
-substance are FILTERED OUT of blood and passe through kidneys
-= FILTRATION

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24
Q

what process are usefull substances like glucose, some ions and some water absprbed back into the blood by?

A

selective reabsorbtion

25
Q

name 3 substances that ur body removes thats in urine?

A

-water
-ion
-urea

26
Q

how is urea made?

A

-amino acids——>
carbohydrates and fats
-(deamination-in liver)
-this produces toxic amonia
-quickly ocnverts to urea in liver—>kindneys where its filtered out the blood and excreted as urine

27
Q

name the hormone which controls the concentration of urine?

A

ADH - anti-diuretic hormone - secreated inot blood steam by pitratary gland

28
Q

what does the ADH monitor?

A
  • water content in blood
29
Q

if water content is too high what happens? -ADH

A

-pituratary gland releases LESS ADH
=vice versa

30
Q

name 2 things which occur if kidneys dont work properly?

A

-waste products build up in blood
-lose abilty to control water+ion levels in body
(CAN END IN DEATH)

31
Q

name 2 methods which can fix kidney failure?

A

-transpant
-diaylisis machine

32
Q

what does the dialysis machine do?

A

removes waste products e.g excess water, excess ions and all urea by DIFFUSION throught the partially permaeable dialysis membrane

33
Q

disadvantages of dialysis

A

-time consuming
-blood clots-can be prevented with anticoagulants
-3-4 days a week - 3-4 hours
-expensive
-needs it whole life

34
Q

why can donor kidneys be rejected?

A

-donor kidney cells can be recognised as foreign = immune system will attack it

35
Q

adavantages of donor kindeys?

A

-leads to normal life
-long term low cost
-80% sucsess rate

36
Q

disadvantages of donor kidneys

A

-tissue matching essential
-needs to be repeated after 10 years
-needs to take immunosuppresents for life

37
Q

explain the stages 1&2 of the menstraul cycle?

A

1 = starts, uterus lining breaks down for abt 4 days
2=uterus lining builds up agian, thick ready to recieve a fertillised egg

38
Q

explain stages 3-4 of menstrual cycle?

A

3-egg develops and is released (ovulation)
4-wall is then maintaned if no egg comes until utuerus lining breaks down again.

39
Q

what 4 hormones in the M cycle controlled by?

A

-oestrogen
-progesterone
-FSH-follicle stimulating hormone
-LH- luteninsing hormone

40
Q

what does FSH do in menstrual cycle?
stage 1

A

produced in pituary glands
-causes egg to mature in follicle
-stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen

41
Q

what does oestrogen do in menstrual cycle-stage 2

A

made in ovaries
-causes lining of uterus to grow
-stimulates release of LH

42
Q

what does LH do -stage 3?

A

produced in pituraity gland
stimulates release of egg(ovulation)

43
Q

what does progesterone do in MC? stage 4

A

-keeps lining up
-when progesterone falls lining breaks down
inhibts releats of LH AND FSH

44
Q

how can oestrogen & progesterone prevent pregnancy?

A
  1. prevents egg release
  2. produces thick mucus to stop sperm getting through
45
Q

the pill(contains oestrogen and progesterone advantage and disadvantage?

A

-over 99% effective
-comes with side effects e.g nausea, headaches, and doesnt protect against sex diseases

46
Q

how does oestrogen reduce fertility

A

if taken every day, keep level permantley high
inhibits production of FSH , egg development and production will stop

47
Q

name 3 methods which contain Oestrogen or progesterone to reduce fertilty-

A

-the patch = o + p
-implant - p
-injection - p

48
Q

name a non hormanl way to prevent fertiltity? also protects against diseases

A

barrier method e.g female/male condoms

49
Q

name 3 alternative methods of stopping pregnancy?

A

-abstinace-no sex
-sterilisation - cuts tubes
natural methos - have sex when female is not very fertile

50
Q

some women have low FSH so there is a FSH and LH feritility drug to sstimulate ovulation name an advantage and dis..?

A

pro=helps women get pregnant
cons=doesnt always work
=unexpected ones e.g twins etc

51
Q

what does IVF include?

A

fertilising womens egg and mans sperm in lab

52
Q

whats the name of injection when sperm is injected directly into egg?

A

ICSI- intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection

53
Q

name a pro of IVF

A

infertile couple can have children

54
Q

cons of IVF

A

-low sucsess rate
-emotionally stressful
may have mutiple births

55
Q

why are people against IVF?

A

-unethical each embryo = potential human
-‘‘perefect human’’ u can select characteristics

56
Q

what does an adreline trigger?

A

increase in oxygen and glucose e.g increases heart rate

57
Q

what does thyroxie regulate

A

basal metabolic rate x (how fast chemical reactions occur when at rest?

58
Q

what process does thyroxine stimulate?

A

proyein synthesis for growth and development

59
Q

what is TSH

A

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

60
Q

what happense when thryroxine level in blood is too high?

A

secreation of TSH will stop reducing thyroxine level back to normal

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