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infection and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

whats are pathogens?

A

-microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what does bacteria do to your body?

A

-the very small cells
-make you feel ill by producing toxins, that damage your cells and tissues

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3
Q

are viruses cells?

A

no - much smaller

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4
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill?

A

-replicate themselves
-burst + reproduce rapidly
=cell damage makes you feel ill

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5
Q

what are protists?
-eukaryotic cells

A

some are paristes = live inside other organisms & damage them

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6
Q

how are parasites transfered?

A

-vectors e.g animals

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7
Q

what is fungi?

A

-single celled
-made up of hyphae

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8
Q

what can hyphea do?

A

-grow & penetrate human skin or plants = causing disease

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9
Q

name 3 ways pathogens can be spread?

A

-air
-water
-direct contact

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10
Q

what are measles?
how is it spread?

A

-viral disease
-water droplets in coughs/sneezes

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11
Q

name 4 side effects of measles?

A

red skin rash, fever
bad = pneumonia, inflamination of brain

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12
Q

what is HIV?
how is it spread?

A

VIRUS
sexual contact, share needles, exchange of bodily fluids

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13
Q

symptoms of HIV?
how do you control HIV?

A

-flu like
-take antiretroviral drugs = prevents virus REPLICATING in body

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14
Q

what TOBACCO MOSIAC VIRUS(TMV)?

A

virus which affects many plamt species e.g tomatoes

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15
Q

side affects of TMV?

A

plants become partoally discloured
= no photosynthessis = growth stopped

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16
Q

how can gardeners reduce fungal disease?

A

-add fungicides = destroys it

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17
Q

how is malaria transferred?

A
  • by vectors = mosqito travsles w in
    -when they feed of anoth organism = inserts it into this
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18
Q

name 2 bactraial diseases?

A

-salmonella
-gonorrhoea

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19
Q

exexplain what gonorrhea is STD?
how is it transferred?

A

cuased by bacteria
sexual contact

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20
Q

side affects of having gonorrhea?

A

-pain when urinating
-think yellow/green discharge

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21
Q

how to treat / PREVENT STDS?

A

originally treated w PENICILLIN
-now antibiotics
use barrier methods

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22
Q

give 4 ways spreading diseases could be prevented?

A

-being hygenic
-destroying vectors
-isolates infected individuals
-vacinations

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23
Q

how does the skin act as a defence system?

A

-physical barrier also secretes antimicrobial substances

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24
Q

how does the hair and mucus in nose act as a defence system?
trachea & bronchi?

A

-traps potential pathogens
-CILLIA = wafts the pathogens to the back of the throat where they can be swalloed

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25
Q

how does the stomach act as a defence system?

A

-cintains dilute HCL = kills any pathogens from the mouth

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26
Q

what os the main component of the immune system?

A

-white blood cells

27
Q

how do B lymphosytes
consume FOREIGN PATHOGENS?

A

-white blood cells engulf and dijest them
= PHAGCYTOSIS

28
Q

how does the body produce antibodies?

A

-when a foreign antigen = body will start to produce ANTBODIES ( proteins)
-white blood cells find and destroy them
-anitbodies then produce rapidly
-so u become NATURALLY IMUNE

29
Q

what are is the name of white blood cells which produce antibodies?

A

B -lymphocytes

30
Q

what does the producing of antiTOXINS do?

A

counteract toxins by produced by INVADING THE BACTERIA

31
Q

what do vaciantions protect?

A

-future infection

32
Q

what do vacinations involve?

A

-injects small amounts of dead/inactive pathogens
-these carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them
(may you will become naturally immune)

33
Q

what do vacinations involve if the pathogen comes back again?

A

the white blood cells will RAPIDLY produce antibodies to killl them

34
Q

pros of vacinations?

A

-controlls lots of communicable diseases
-e.g smallpox is no longer a thing
-prevents epidemics = large outbreaks

35
Q

cons of vacination

A

-sometimes dont give you immunity
-can give you a bad raction

36
Q

what do pain killers?

A

-relive pain but dont acc kill pathogens
-reduce symptoms

37
Q

what do antibiotics d0
?
what has it reduced?

A

kill / repevent bacteria
number if communciable diseases caused by bacteria

38
Q

but what do antibiottics not destroy?

A

-dont kill viruses

39
Q

how can bacteria become resistant to antibotics?

A

bcuz the bacteria can mutate = some of the mutations may become resistant to antibiotics

40
Q

if bacteria becomes resistant what does this mean for the body?

A

infection will get worse
stain increases

41
Q

name 2 dugs which come from plants to defend pathogens and relive symptoms?

A

-aspirin
(pain killer, loweres fever founf in willows)
-digitalis
(treats heart conditons , developed in fox gloves)

42
Q

name the drug which is exracted form microorganisms

A

mould = produces a substance which kills bacteria

43
Q

what are antibodies produced by?

A

B - lymphocytes(type of white blood cell)

44
Q

what do monoclonal antibodies produce?

A

produces lots of clones of a specific single white blood cell
only targets 1 specific protein antigen

45
Q

explain how monoclonal antibodies ‘clone’ to make identical copeies?
using the e.g of a mouse

A

B lymphocytes fuse with TUMOR cells
=hybridoma
HYBRIDOMA cells can be cloned
to produce LOTS MORE AND RAPIDLY
of monoclonal antibodies
to kill foreign pathogen

46
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to show positve pregnancy tests?

A
  1. wee onto strip which has antibodies on for the antibodies w blue beads
    2.if pregnant the hormone HCG in urine will bind to antibodies
    move up stick = carries horones and blue beads up stick
    = positive = blue
47
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to show negative pregnancy tests?

A

has nothing to bind to
beads and hormone goes straight pass
doenst bind=no colour

48
Q

how can monoclonal antibodies treat diseases?
e.g cancer

A

anti-cancer drug is attachted to monolonal antibody
=radioactive substance/toxiv drug stops cancer cells divididing/gorwing
–>kills them not not none cancerous antibodies tho

49
Q

name 3 things monoclonol antibodies can do?

A

-bind to hormones/chemicals in blood to measure levels
-test blood smaples for certain pathogens
-locat specific molecules i cells or tissue

50
Q

how do monoclonal antibodies locate specific molecules in cells/tissues?

A

-MONOCLONAL antibodies will bind to specific molecules
-then antibodies bind to fluorescent dye
-MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL THEN ATTACH to antibodies and dye=able to detect it

51
Q

advantages of monoclonal antibodies for body:

A

-kills cancer cells ( doesnt affect any other non cnacerous cells)
-targets specific cells

52
Q

give some problems of monoclonal antibodies:

A

-fever
vommitting
low blood pressure
=cause MORE SIDE AFFECTS than origanlly expected

53
Q

in plants what does a lack of nitrates mean?

A

STUNTED GROWTH = needed to make proteins which is needed for growth

54
Q

if there is a lack of mgnesium ions mean?
(used to make chlorophyll)

A

no photosynthesis would occur
=YELLOW leaves and suffer from CHLOROSIS

55
Q

name the 6 symptoms of plants which have diseases?

A

-decay
-stuted growth
-discolouration
-spots
-abnormla growth
-malformed stems

56
Q

name 3 ways you can identify signs?

A

-look it up in gradening mannual/site
-labs
-testing kits using monoclonal antibodies

57
Q

explain the physical defences of plants:

A

-waxy cuticle
-cell walls(made from cellulose)
-layers of dead cells
= all form a barrier to stop pathogens entering

58
Q

explain the chemical defences of plants:

A

some produce ANTIBACTERIAL chemicals which kill bacteria e.g mint

some produce poisons to stop herbivlored consuming plants
e.g foxgloves

59
Q

explain the mechanical defences of plants:

A

thorn sand hairs stop animals eating it

sm drop/curl when sm touches it = knocks insect off

mimic otherorgnanims e.g passion flower has bright spots = mimic butterfly eggs

60
Q

explain stage 1 of drug testing? (preclincal testing)

A

-drugs are tested on human cells and tissues
IN THE LAB

61
Q

explain stage 2 of drug testing? (preclincal testing)

A

-test drugs on live animals
=to test efficacy ( if drug WORKS, find out its TOXICTY and find best DOSAGE)

62
Q

what does the british law state abt stage 2 of preclinicnal testing?

A

-has 2 be on 2 different live mammals
=safest way

63
Q

explain stage 3 of drug testing? CLINICAL trial

A

-now tested on human volunteers in a CLINICAL TRIAL
-tested of healthy ones to check for side affects
-very low dose
-if that goes well = tested on ill ppl & OPTIMUM DOSAGE is found

64
Q

explainn the placebo affect/test?

A

-ppl put into 2 groups
-one given drug 1 given placebo
= to see the differnece the acc drug makes

CLINical trials are often DOUBLE BLIND
(pateint or doctor dont know whos got placebo)
–>so results arent subconsiesly influenced by own knowledge

biology (14 decks)

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