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evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is evolution?

A

a change in the INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS of a population over time

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2
Q

a change in the INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS of a population over time - what is the PROCESS?

A

natural selection

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3
Q

what is the theory of natural selection?

A

all living species have evolved from simple forms of life - over 3 billion years ago

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4
Q

when are 2 new SPECIES formed?

A

when 2 populations can no longer interbreed to produce FERTILE offspring

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5
Q

give 5 peiced if evidence for evolution:

A

-fossils
-geographic distribution of species
-similar HOMOLUGUS structures
-similarities in early development(embryo)
-similarities in DNA

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6
Q

what was Charles Darwin’s theory?

A

theory of evolution by natural selection

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7
Q

name 5 things his theeory included?

A
  • wide range of VARIATION of characteristics
    -MUTATIONS can also create variations
    -individuals w characteristics most suited to environment = most likely to survive (SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST)
    -beneficial characteristics passed on to next generation
    -beneficial alleles are passed on to off spring
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8
Q

what was Darwin’s book called?

A

The Origin of Species (1859)

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9
Q

why was there contraversy around his theory of evolution by natural selection?

A
  • challenged the idea that God made all plants and animals
    -there was insufficient evidence at the time
    -inheritance of DNA was not discovered till 50years after
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10
Q

what was Lamarcks theory?
(not an accuarte theory)

A
  • species evolve to achieve “aquired characteristics” in order to survive
    -these “aquired characteristics” are passed on to offspring
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11
Q

what is a fossil?

A

‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago (found in rocks)

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12
Q

explain 3 ways fossils are formed:

A
  1. parts of organism REPLACED by minerals as they decay
    2.casts impressions = footprints etc in clay which hardens
    3.PRESEVATION - NO DECAY happens e.g trapped in AMBER OR TAR = no oxygen & moisture decay microbes die
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13
Q

what do fossils tell us?

A
  • how species have EVOLVED/CHANGED
    -gives info about extinct species
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14
Q

many forms of early life were SOFT BODIED, why do we have very few traces of them?

A
  • been destroyed by geological activity
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15
Q

where did Darwin collect his evidence and what was his best speciies?

A

Galapagos islands
Finches

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16
Q

how can antibiotic-resistant bacteria occur?
give 4

A
  • in all populations including bacteria there is VARIATION
  • MUTATIONS (natural/spontaneously)
  • MUTATUTIONS in pathogenic bacteria = produces NEW STRAINS of bacteria
  • some strains may become RESTITTANT to antibiotics
17
Q

explain the method how antibiotic-resistant bacteria can survive and spread?

A
  • when a patient takes a specific antibiotic = will kill specific bacteria
  • antibiotic resitant bacteria are not killed
    = they survive and reproduce
  • there is less competition so will reproduce quickly/sucessfully
  • population of the antibiotic resistant bacteria RISE
  • then start to spread to other uninfected people
    ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT STRAIN will spread further as there is no effective treatment
18
Q

what is methicillin

A

a specific antibiotic

19
Q

what is staphylococcus aureus?

A

a species of BACTERIA whic can cause fatal wound infections

20
Q

what is the most commone antibiotic resistant stain called?

A

MRSA - Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus

21
Q

give 4 causes of antibiotic resistance:

A
  • doctors over prescribing antibiotics (to people who dont need it)
  • unnecessary antibiotics used in agriculture (farming)
  • poor hygiene and sanatation
  • patients not finishing their course of antibiotics
22
Q

give 3 ways to decrease the develpoment of antibiotic resistant strain?

A
  • patients completing their course of antibiotics
  • use of antibiotics in agriculture restricted
  • doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropiatly
23
Q

what is extinsion

A

no remaining individuals of a species are alive

24
Q

name 5 factors which cause extision?

A
  • changes to the enviroment e.g climate change
  • new predators
  • new diseases
  • new more sucessful competitors
  • a signle catastrophic event

biology (13 decks)

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