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Biology 1114 > Variation and Inheritance > Flashcards

Variation and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Both alleles are expressed and the heterozygote manifests a third phenotype with properties of both alleles (blood type, red hairs and white hairs make red and white haired individual)

A

Codominance

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2
Q

A single gene impacts two or more (seemingly unrelated) traits

A

Pleiotropy

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3
Q

Variation due to this does not matter for evolution

A

Variation due only to environmental effects. Evolution is concerned with variation due to genes

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4
Q

When there are no categories, anything size related (like height)

A

Continuous variation

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5
Q

How do you perform a test cross?

A

Cross unknown genotype with homozygous recessive genotype

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6
Q

During gamete formation, alleles segregate randomly so each gamete receives one or the other

A

Mendels law of segregation

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7
Q

Alters larger sections of DNA, sections of chromosomes can get extra copies of missing parts

A

Unequal crossing over

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8
Q

Example of pleiotropy

A

Holt Oram syndrome. Defective allele leads to abnormal heart and upper limbs

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9
Q

What is Mendelian inheritance also known as?

A

Particulate inheritance

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10
Q

Heterozygote results in a third unique phenotype, alleles are “blended” together (red hairs and white hairs make pink hairs)

A

Incomplete dominance

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11
Q

Example of dominant not meaning common

A

Huntington’s chorea (Huntingtons disease, CAG repeats)

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12
Q

How can mutations be predictable?

A

Bacterial resistance. Mutation occurs randomly but others die and the mutation gets passed on in the pop

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13
Q

Provided a theory of heredity

A

Mendel

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14
Q

What is simple dominance?

A

When there are two alleles, one dominant and one recessive

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15
Q

How do mutation and recombination occur?

A

Randomly

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16
Q

4 parts to Mendel’s law of segregation

A
  1. Genes are passed on unchanged and alleles account for variation and inherited characters
  2. Individuals inherit 1 allele from each parent
  3. Two alleles of gene pair segregate randomly and equally into gametes, which combine randomly and equally in next gen
  4. Traits may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on
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17
Q

What was Mendel’s law of dominance?

A

There exists a form of a gene (allele) that will be the expressed phenotype over the other allele

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18
Q

During gamete formation, segregating pairs fo alleles assort independently of other pairs (ability to form every combination, brown hair and brown eyes go to different gametes, etc.)

A

Independent assortment

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19
Q

What does a higher h2 value mean for selection?

A

There is a stronger response to selection

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20
Q

How did Mendelian genetics explain the problems of blending?

A

Blending caused rare variants to be blended out of the population by Mendelian genetics allowed rare variants to persist and become established in the population

21
Q

Example of recessive disease

A

Tay-Sachs Disease (neurological impairment due to accumulation of fatty acid derivatives in neurons)

22
Q

What is total variation (phenotypic variation) equal to?

A

Vp = Vg (genotypic variation) + Ve (environmental variation)

23
Q

Why did Darwin need Mendel?

A

Darwins theory of natural selection almost required heredity to be Mendelian

24
Q

Mutation altering single nucleotides

A

Point mutation

25
Q

What do heritabilites of 0 and 1 mean?

A 
1 = completely due to genes
2 = completely due to environment
26
Q

Is the act of ducks following their mom genetic or learned?

A

Both. Genetic = imprinting, Environmental = what to follow (mom)

27
Q

What is the equation for heritability?

A 
h2 = Vg/Vp
h2 = Vg/(Vg+Ve)
28
Q

Several genes may make products that contribute to phenotype; phenotype determined by interaction of multiple genes (eye color)

A

Polygenic traits

29
Q

What ration does a cross of first generation hybrids create?

A

3:1 in dominate

30
Q

Way of determining if a phenotype is environmentally or genetically determined by having common gardens for animals and having offspring raised by parents other than their own

A

Cross fostering

31
Q

One gene interferes with expression of another gene (bald gene interfering with widows peak gene)

A

Epistasis

32
Q

What were Mendel’s three contributions?

A

Dominance, segregation, and independent assortment

33
Q

Way of determining if a phenotype is environmentally or genetically determined that determines whether phenotypes are inherited according to expectation of Mendelian laws

A

Controlled crosses

34
Q

Mechanism of heredity Darwin favored that said all cell lines contribute to gametes

A

Pangenesis

35
Q

How can we determine the genotype of an unknown individual displaying the dominant trait?

A

Test cross

36
Q

What is sickle cell anemia an example of?

A

Point mutation. T substituted for A

37
Q

Way of determining if a phenotype is environmentally or genetically determined that raise offspring under identical conditions and test effect of particular variables

A

Common garden experiments

38
Q

The proportion of variation that can be attributed to genotype

A

Heritability

39
Q

The ultimate source of all heritable variation

A

Mutation

40
Q

What happens when generation 1 dihybrids are crossed?

A

9:3:3:1 ratio

41
Q

What controls mutation rate?

A

Nothing, although mutations can be propagated or inherited randomly

42
Q

Theory of heredity that is supported that said certain cells (germ) are responsive for gamete production

A

Weismann’s germplasm theory

43
Q

What kind of estimate is heritability?

A

Population wide, not individual

44
Q

What kind of heritability do things under high selection have?

A

Low heritability bc they have low genetic variation

45
Q

Multiple forms within a species

A

Polymorphism

46
Q

How do traits highly correlated with fitness influence heritability?

A

High fitness = lower heritability

Low fitness = higher heritability

47
Q

The interaction between these two is key

A

Genetics and environment

48
Q

When there are different categories; this is anything categorical (like color)

A

Discrete variation

49
Q

Shuffles existing variation into new combinations; creates new combos leading to greater levels of phenotypic variation

A

Recombination

Biology 1114 (10 decks)

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