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Biology 1114 > Species > Flashcards

Species Flashcards

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1
Q

Group of species (or pops, etc) characterized by synapomorphy. Synapomorphy defines this

A

Monophyly

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2
Q

Premating barrier that occurs when species reproduce at different times (eliminates gene flow or potential mates during mate searching)

A

Temporal isolation

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3
Q

Allopatric speciation method when a population goes from mainland to an island and become isolated

A

Dispersal

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4
Q

Speciation that occurs without physical or spatial barriers due to subsets specializing on particular resources in an ecosystem

A

Sympatric speciation

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5
Q

Group that ignores evolutionary history to make new groups. Jumps around trees to pick out species for a group that don’t have to be closely related on the tree

A

Polyphyletic group

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6
Q

What is positive assortative mating an example of?

A

Prezygotic barrier

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7
Q

Species concept that expanded upon morphological concept

A

Biological species concept

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8
Q

Shared, derived (homologous) features

A

Synapomorphy

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9
Q

What is adaptive radiation an example of?

A

Sympatric speciation

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10
Q

Speciation in adjacent areas across which gene flow is restricted

A

Allopatry

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11
Q

What accompanies physical barriers in reproductive isolation that is needed for speciation?

A

Biologically based reproductive barriers

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12
Q

Non-random mating based on genotype or phenotype (like mates with like)

A

Positive assortative mating

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13
Q

Postzygotic barrier when hybrids are viable but not fertile due to things like aneuploid gametes (chromosomes have different genes or morphologies and thus cant segregate properly)

A

Hybrid sterility

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14
Q

Variation within populations (genetic differences), geographic variation between populations (look different in different areas but interbreed where pops meet), and sibling species (reproductively different but look alike) are all observations which lead to what species concept?

A

Biological

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15
Q

ALL OF THE EXTRA INFO ON SPECIATION

A

ALL OF THE EXTRA INFO ON SPECIATION

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16
Q

Maybe the most critical premating barrier in animals, when males don’t engage females or females don’t respond to males

A

Behavioral (ethological) isolation (lack of interest)

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17
Q

What acts as the initial barrier to gene flow in parapatric speciation that ultimately leads to speciation

A

Physical distance

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18
Q

Concept stating species are defined on the basis of physical features

A

Morphological species concept

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19
Q

This type of postmating barrier is important in many marine invertebrates and nearly all plants

A

Gametic isolation

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20
Q

Means newer

A

Derived

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21
Q

Fertilization takes place but may not result in a successful offspring

A

Postzygotic barriers

22
Q

A complete lineage. All the descendants of a common ancestor

A

Clade or monophyletic group

23
Q

What are the two ways of allopatric speciation to occur?

A

Dispersal and vicariance

24
Q

Means that species are in the same place and are cryptic/sibling but not the same

A

Incipient

25
Q

Speciation that occurs due to isolation by distance. This only works for species that don’t travel extreme distances

A

Parapatric speciation

26
Q

Group with a common ancestor and excluding one of the descendants

A

Paraphyletic group

27
Q

Postzygotic barrier when embryo dies shortly after fertilization or hybrid offspring develop and then die

A

Zygote or hybrid mortality

28
Q

What are the four limits to the biological species concept?

A
  1. parthenogenic or asexual species; its hard to identify asexual organisms as species in this concept
  2. hybrid zones; mules are a horse/donkey hybrid and are fine, but sterile
  3. extinct and extant species cant be identified without any breeding data
  4. geographically separated pops could potentially breed
29
Q

Same thing as a monophyletic group

A

Clade

30
Q

Hybrid zygotes are formed but have reduced fitness

A

Postzygotic barriers

31
Q

Barrier created before zygote formation

A

Prezygotic barrier

32
Q

Isolating genomes from each other to get two separate genomes

A

Reproductive isolation

33
Q

What are rind species? What species concept do they limit?

A

Species that start in one spot as one but go around and become different. Limit biological concept because we don’t know if the different pops can breed

34
Q

Concept that is often most powerful and looks at phylogenic trees and seeing if individuals group together or not

A

Phylogenetic species concept

35
Q

Phenomena that prevent gene flow between pops or members of the same pop

A

Isolating mechanisms

36
Q

The mechanisms by which populations attain reproductive isolation

A

Speciation

37
Q

What are species the outcome of?

A

Reproductive isolation

38
Q

Concept stating species are populations of variable individuals connected through gene flow

A

Biological species concept

39
Q

Mating or gamete transfer occurs, but zygotes are not formed

A

Postmating/prezygotic barriers

40
Q

Allopatric speciation method when a population gets separated due to a geological event like the formation of mountains, river, etc.

A

Vicariance

41
Q

What are the commonalities of all species concepts (3)?

A
  1. species are pops linked by history
  2. characterized by shared, derived attributes
  3. genetic and morphological continuity maintained by interbreeding
42
Q

Features that impede transfer of gametes to members of other species

A

Premating barriers

43
Q

If niches are empty, subsets of a pop can specialize to fill new niches

A

Adaptive radiation

44
Q

Means ancestral

A

Basal

45
Q

Premating barrier that occurs when organisms spend their whole life in a single place or on a single host so they don’t get a chance to meet

A

Habitat isolation

46
Q

Postmating barrier when the eggs and sperm are mechanically incompatible

A

Mechanical isolation

47
Q

Concept stating if two organisms can reproduce, they are a species and if they cant, they aren’t a species

A

Biological species concept

48
Q

Speciation that is most important in animals and occurs when a population becomes geographically isolated

A

Allopatric speciation

49
Q

Prevent mating between pops. May outright prevent or just decrease the freq or incidence of mating

A

Prezygotic barriers

50
Q

Postmating barrier when eggs don’t recognize sperm due to incompatible receptors or nuclei don’t fuse

A

Gametic isolation

51
Q

3 major species concepts

A

Biological, morphological, phylogenetic

Biology 1114 (10 decks)

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