Species

Question 1

Group of species (or pops, etc) characterized by synapomorphy. Synapomorphy defines this

Answer 1

Monophyly

Question 2

Premating barrier that occurs when species reproduce at different times (eliminates gene flow or potential mates during mate searching)

Answer 2

Temporal isolation

Question 3

Allopatric speciation method when a population goes from mainland to an island and become isolated

Answer 3

Dispersal

Question 4

Speciation that occurs without physical or spatial barriers due to subsets specializing on particular resources in an ecosystem

Answer 4

Sympatric speciation

Question 5

Group that ignores evolutionary history to make new groups. Jumps around trees to pick out species for a group that don’t have to be closely related on the tree

Answer 5

Polyphyletic group

Question 6

What is positive assortative mating an example of?

Answer 6

Prezygotic barrier

Question 7

Species concept that expanded upon morphological concept

Answer 7

Biological species concept

Question 8

Shared, derived (homologous) features

Answer 8

Synapomorphy

Question 9

What is adaptive radiation an example of?

Answer 9

Sympatric speciation

Question 10

Speciation in adjacent areas across which gene flow is restricted

Answer 10

Allopatry

Question 11

What accompanies physical barriers in reproductive isolation that is needed for speciation?

Answer 11

Biologically based reproductive barriers

Question 12

Non-random mating based on genotype or phenotype (like mates with like)

Answer 12

Positive assortative mating

Question 13

Postzygotic barrier when hybrids are viable but not fertile due to things like aneuploid gametes (chromosomes have different genes or morphologies and thus cant segregate properly)

Answer 13

Hybrid sterility

Question 14

Variation within populations (genetic differences), geographic variation between populations (look different in different areas but interbreed where pops meet), and sibling species (reproductively different but look alike) are all observations which lead to what species concept?

Answer 14

Biological

Question 15

ALL OF THE EXTRA INFO ON SPECIATION

Answer 15

ALL OF THE EXTRA INFO ON SPECIATION

Question 16

Maybe the most critical premating barrier in animals, when males don’t engage females or females don’t respond to males

Answer 16

Behavioral (ethological) isolation (lack of interest)

Question 17

What acts as the initial barrier to gene flow in parapatric speciation that ultimately leads to speciation

Answer 17

Physical distance

Question 18

Concept stating species are defined on the basis of physical features

Answer 18

Morphological species concept

Question 19

This type of postmating barrier is important in many marine invertebrates and nearly all plants

Answer 19

Gametic isolation

Question 20

Means newer

Answer 20

Derived

Question 21

Fertilization takes place but may not result in a successful offspring

Answer 21

Postzygotic barriers

Question 22

A complete lineage. All the descendants of a common ancestor

Answer 22

Clade or monophyletic group

Question 23

What are the two ways of allopatric speciation to occur?

Answer 23

Dispersal and vicariance

Question 24

Means that species are in the same place and are cryptic/sibling but not the same

Answer 24

Incipient

Question 25

Speciation that occurs due to isolation by distance. This only works for species that don't travel extreme distances

Answer 25

Parapatric speciation

Question 26

Group with a common ancestor and excluding one of the descendants

Answer 26

Paraphyletic group

Question 27

Postzygotic barrier when embryo dies shortly after fertilization or hybrid offspring develop and then die

Answer 27

Zygote or hybrid mortality

Question 28

What are the four limits to the biological species concept?

Answer 28

1. parthenogenic or asexual species; its hard to identify asexual organisms as species in this concept 2. hybrid zones; mules are a horse/donkey hybrid and are fine, but sterile 3. extinct and extant species cant be identified without any breeding data 4. geographically separated pops could potentially breed

Question 29

Same thing as a monophyletic group

Answer 29

Clade

Question 30

Hybrid zygotes are formed but have reduced fitness

Answer 30

Postzygotic barriers

Question 31

Barrier created before zygote formation

Answer 31

Prezygotic barrier

Question 32

Isolating genomes from each other to get two separate genomes

Answer 32

Reproductive isolation

Question 33

What are rind species? What species concept do they limit?

Answer 33

Species that start in one spot as one but go around and become different. Limit biological concept because we don't know if the different pops can breed

Question 34

Concept that is often most powerful and looks at phylogenic trees and seeing if individuals group together or not

Answer 34

Phylogenetic species concept

Question 35

Phenomena that prevent gene flow between pops or members of the same pop

Answer 35

Isolating mechanisms

Question 36

The mechanisms by which populations attain reproductive isolation

Answer 36

Speciation

Question 37

What are species the outcome of?

Answer 37

Reproductive isolation

Question 38

Concept stating species are populations of variable individuals connected through gene flow

Answer 38

Biological species concept

Question 39

Mating or gamete transfer occurs, but zygotes are not formed

Answer 39

Postmating/prezygotic barriers

Question 40

Allopatric speciation method when a population gets separated due to a geological event like the formation of mountains, river, etc.

Answer 40

Vicariance

Question 41

What are the commonalities of all species concepts (3)?

Answer 41

1. species are pops linked by history 2. characterized by shared, derived attributes 3. genetic and morphological continuity maintained by interbreeding

Question 42

Features that impede transfer of gametes to members of other species

Answer 42

Premating barriers

Question 43

If niches are empty, subsets of a pop can specialize to fill new niches

Answer 43

Adaptive radiation

Question 44

Means ancestral

Answer 44

Basal

Question 45

Premating barrier that occurs when organisms spend their whole life in a single place or on a single host so they don't get a chance to meet

Answer 45

Habitat isolation

Question 46

Postmating barrier when the eggs and sperm are mechanically incompatible

Answer 46

Mechanical isolation

Question 47

Concept stating if two organisms can reproduce, they are a species and if they cant, they aren't a species

Answer 47

Biological species concept

Question 48

Speciation that is most important in animals and occurs when a population becomes geographically isolated

Answer 48

Allopatric speciation

Question 49

Prevent mating between pops. May outright prevent or just decrease the freq or incidence of mating

Answer 49

Prezygotic barriers

Question 50

Postmating barrier when eggs don't recognize sperm due to incompatible receptors or nuclei don't fuse

Answer 50

Gametic isolation

Question 51

3 major species concepts

Answer 51

Biological, morphological, phylogenetic