Population Genetics

Question 1

Why is it difficult to determine genotype?

Answer 1

Phenotypes can be similar for different genotypes, environmental effect can interfere with expression, and multiple genes may be implicated in a single phenotype

Question 2

What idea did Malthus introduce involving human reproduction rates greatly outpacing resource production?

Answer 2

Differential survival

Question 3

What interactions determine which organisms survive?

Answer 3

Interactions among organisms and interactions between organisms and their environment

Question 4

Hardy Weinberg equations for genotype frequencies

Answer 4

(p+q)^2=1

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Question 5

What purpose does Hardy Weinberg serve is almost no population is in HW equilibrium?

Answer 5

1. HW gives a mathematical demonstration that Mendelian inheritance preserves genetic variation (historical and conceptual importance)
2. HW tells us what would happen without assortative mating, natural selection, migration, and mutation (as a null hypothesis)

Question 6

Finds the associations between genetic variations and observable traits

Answer 6

Genome wide association studies

Question 7

What 5 assumptions must be met for the use of Hardy-Weinberg equations?

Answer 7

1. Mating is random
2. No natural selection
3. Large population size (infinite) - no genetic drift
4. No new mutations
5. No migration

Question 8

What are the two options when a population hits the point when the population size outstrips resource production?

Answer 8

Find the means to inc the resource pool or die

Question 9

How is HW involved in GWAS?

Answer 9

The control group without the disease is often close to HW equilibrium while the case group with the disease deviates far from HW equilibrium

Question 10

Two questions we can look at using HW?

Answer 10

1. How genetically distinct are populations

2. How much gene flow is there between populations

Question 11

What is occurring in a population if it is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 11

It is not evolving

Question 12

What do large populations prevent?

Answer 12

Genetic drift

Question 13

Hardy Weinberg equation for allele frequency

Answer 13

p+q=1

Question 14

Provides a set of expectations against which to evaluate observed data and thus a means of assessing possible causes of change in a population

Answer 14

Hardy-Weinberg equation

Question 15

What must be found before determining genotype frequencies?

Answer 15

Allele frequencies

Question 16

What does the fate of a population hinge on?

Answer 16

Characteristics related to reproduction bc that’s what determines growth rate

Question 17

This governs reproductive output and affects competitive ability

Answer 17

Genotype

Question 18

What leads to differential survival?

Answer 18

Reproductive potential and reproductive effort greatly exceed requirements of reproductive replacement

Question 19

If the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are met, what happens to the frequencies across generations?

Answer 19

They stay the same