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Biology 1114 > Sexual Selection > Flashcards

Sexual Selection Flashcards

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1
Q

This reproductive method typically prevents extensive parental care (fish are an exception)

A

Spawning

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2
Q

What are the three ways (three answers) for sexual selection to occur?

A
  1. Mate choice
  2. Contests
  3. Sperm competition
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3
Q

How is runaway sexual selection counteracted?

A

Stabilizing selection levels it out

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4
Q

What is the primary differentiator for fitness

A

Female choice

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5
Q

Graph in middle of slide 3

A

Graph in middle of slide 3

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6
Q

Individuals coming together to reproduce

A

Copulation

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7
Q

Better guarantee of successful reproduction, promote competition among males for more possible variation, and multiple males can produce more resources for the female

A

Polyandry

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8
Q

Requires time and energy searching for mates

A

Copulation

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9
Q

Oldest and largest individual is a male; he maintains a harem of females all of whom he fertilizes

A

Polygyny (middle of slide 2)

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10
Q

What are the two basic kinds of reproductive modes

A

Copulation and spawning

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11
Q

What are the costs of more extreme morphologies?

A

They cost more energy to make and they often create a more obvious sign to predators

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12
Q

Opposite of random mating

A

Assortative mating

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13
Q

Underlying driving force for sexual selection

A

Bateman’s principle

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14
Q

Cricket example on top of slide 5

A

Cricket example of top of slide 5

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15
Q

What requirement of HW does sexual selection violate?

A

Random mating. Mate preference in sexual selection violates this

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16
Q

Males have elaborate versions of a trait and females have a preference for it. Males having that trait shows they have passed the test of survival

A

Zahavi’s handicap hypothesis

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17
Q

This requires females to exert choice, males to have extreme morphologies compared to females, and males differing in terms of the expression of the extreme morphology

A

Zahavi’s handicap hypothesis

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18
Q

END OF SLIDE 1

A

END OF SLIDE 1

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19
Q

This reproductive method has a high gamete mortality

A

Spawning

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20
Q

Preference by one sex for certain phenotypes in mates

A

Intersexual selection

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21
Q

Method of sexual selection involving male-male fights or sexual coercion (use of force or threat)

A

Contests

22
Q

Method of sexual selection involving competition within a single female between the sperm of multiple males

A

Sperm competition

23
Q

A component of natural selection that explains differences in mating success

A

Sexual selection

24
Q

Method of sexual selection involving female or male choice

A

Mate choice

25
Q

Preference for similar phenotype (may lead to inbreeding depression which is a drop in fitness)

A

Positive assortative mating

26
Q

How do choosiness and elaboration reinforce each other?

A

Females choose the elaborate traits which correlate with high fitness so the offspring will have higher fitness as well

27
Q

Selection based on proxies for health and general quality. Individuals choose healthy individuals of high fitness

A

Mate choice

28
Q

How can we determine what trait females are selecting for and why?

A

Plotting the trait with fitness and looking at correlation. Covariance between the trait and relative fitness

29
Q

Males maximize mating opportunities

A

Polygyny

30
Q

What things typically act as cues in female choice?

A

Features that suggest health and capability of breading, features that emphasize distinction between males and females, and novelties that suggest that males are from another pop

31
Q

Between members of one sex for access or opportunity. Females picking a male to mate with

A

Intrasexual selection

32
Q

What are sneaker males?

A

Opposite of dominate males. They act like females to get into group and then mate with the females once theyre in

33
Q

Female reproductive success limited by resources and male reproductive success limited by access to mates

A

Bateman’s principle

34
Q

Requires coordination of members of a pop with respect to timing. All organisms of a species need synced up timing

A

Spawning

35
Q

Female choosiness and male elaboration form a positive feedback loop. The trait becomes so extreme it lowers the fitness

A

Runaway sexual selection

36
Q

Raise your chances by mating more or having more gametes

A

Indirect male-male competition

37
Q

Why cant random mating ever occur?

A

Mate preference exists, geographic barriers exist, and fertilization advantages exist

38
Q

This reproductive method requires gamete recognition systems that are very elaborate

A

Spawning

39
Q

How do offspring that resemble their fathers do with reproductive success and fitness?

A

They have greater reproductive success and thus higher fitness

40
Q

Selection arising from differences in mating success

A

Sexual selection

41
Q

SLIDE 7 BIRDS EXAMPLE

A

SLIDE 7 BIRDS EXAMPLE

42
Q

Oldest and largest individual is a female; multiple (smaller males) compete for access

A

Polyandry (middle of slide 2)

43
Q

Why are females often more choosy?

A

They produce the more expensive gamete and have more post mating responsibility. Female strategy is focused on obtaining the best mate so that her investment in eggs pays the greatest genetic dividend

44
Q

Preference for different phenotype (may make it hard to maintain species boundaries)

A

Negative assortative mating

45
Q

What determines what sex will be more choosy?

A

Whatever sex is investing more energy will be choosier

46
Q

Requires individuals recognizing and encountering conspecifics (individuals of some species) of the appropriate sex and a means of transmitting gametes

A

Copulation

47
Q

Sub section of natural selection that still has selection at play

A

Reproductive modes

48
Q

What requirement of HW does sexual selection less obviously violate and why?

A

All offspring have an equal chance of survival and reproduction because this is violated by natural selection and sexual selection is a form of natural selection

49
Q

Shooting out gametes in hopes of zygote formation

A

Spawning

50
Q

How is Zahavi’s hypothesis a form of honest advertisement?

A

Males advertise themselves as high quality by showing they have the extreme morphology and are living

Biology 1114 (10 decks)

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