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Biology 1114 > Selection and Fitness > Flashcards

Selection and Fitness Flashcards

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1
Q

Type of selection often involving a balance between conflicting selective pressures (often due to trade offs)

A

Stabilizing selection

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2
Q

This governs reproductive output, has consequences for competitive ability, and also determines what kinds of responses will be deployed to deal with competition

A

Genotype

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3
Q

Differential reproduction as a result fo heritable variation

A

Selection

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4
Q

How does selection relate to heritability?

A

The larger genetic variation is relative to total variation (Vg+Ve), the more effective selection will be. More heritable (closer to 1) = more effective selection

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5
Q

Selection when 2 or more discontinuous phenotypes are fittest (on the ends)

A

Disruptive selection (diversifying selection)

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6
Q

The fitness of other genotypes that aren’t best are set to this

A

1-s

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7
Q

What is the value of s always between?

A

0 (no selection) and 1 (complete mortality)

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8
Q

Reduction in fitness relative to best genotype

A

Selection coefficient (s)

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9
Q

Effect is modulated depending on population size or density

A

Density dependent factors

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10
Q

Reproduction at same rate but survive at different rates

A

Differential survival

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11
Q

These integrate resource availability and competition with population growth

A

Density dependent factors

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12
Q

Three sets of variables shaping population structure

A
  1. # of individual having offspring and # of reproductive offspring
  2. # of reproducers x # of eggs (upper limit on reproductive output cycle)
  3. Number of cycles per year and number of female cycles per female lifespan
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13
Q

Selection when individuals at one extreme of the range of phenotypes are the fittest

A

Directional selection (purifying selection)

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14
Q

Examples of density dependent factors

A

Supply of food or other resources and Disease

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15
Q

What does changing the 6 factors contributing to fitness change?

A

Population growth profile

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16
Q

How is death related to reproductive output?

A

How many died vs how many are produced

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17
Q

6 factors contributing to fitness

A
  1. # reproductive females
  2. # offspring per cycle
  3. # cycles per unit time
  4. # cycles per female lifetime
  5. Death rate of reproductive individuals
  6. Survival rate of offspring
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18
Q

What causes reproductive output (R) to not be the same for all bearers of a specific genotype?

A

Environmental effects

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19
Q

Effect is the same regardless of population size or density

A

Density independent factor

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20
Q

Strength of selection depends on these two things

A

Heritability (h2) and the degree of difference in fitness among phenotypes

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21
Q

What does fittest mean in survival of the fittest?

A

The best among known genotype or phenotypes

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22
Q

Examples of density independent factors

A

Environmental phenomena (drought, long winter, natural disasters, etc)

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23
Q

The sum of viability, mating success, fecundity, gametic viability, and fertilization success

A

Fitness

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24
Q

Non-random processes through which pre-existing variation is sorted

A

Differential survival and differential reproduction

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25
Q

Alleles impact the probability that fertilization will take place

A

Fertilization success

26
Q

Relative measure of survival and reproduction (W)

A

Relative fitness

27
Q

Selection when intermediate phenotype is fittest (middle)

A

Stabilizing selection (normalizing selection)

28
Q

Selective regime does not depend on the frequency of the allele in the population

A

Frequency dependent selection

29
Q

How is menopause explained by evolution?

A

Grandmother hypothesis - reproduction gets very stressful at an old age, start to help raise childrens children, idea is to outcompete species who keep reproducing and die as a result

30
Q

What happens to fitness bc it is relative (and particular to certain conditions)

A

It changes

31
Q

Component of fitness stating the probability that individuals learning genotype will survive

A

Viability

32
Q

Example of frequency dependent selection

A

Fish protect against the most common attack side, so mouths on the other side are favored. More mouths appear on the other side in next gen and then the other side is favored. Bounce back and forth

33
Q

What is reproductive output (R) of an individual?

A

Probability of fertilization, how many eggs are produced, and survival rate

34
Q

What are the two requirements for selection

A
  1. Phenotypes have heritable basis

2. Phenotypes have varying consequences for fitness

35
Q

What determines population fitness?

A

The average reproductive output of the entire population (all genotypes)

36
Q

Alleles impact the longevity or quality of the egg or sperm

A

Gamete viability

37
Q

Reproduction at different rates but survive at same rate

A

Differential reproduction

38
Q

The over or under representation of a genotype in the next generation

A

Fitness

39
Q

When selection acts to favor a phenotype or genotype

A

Positive

40
Q

What is reproductive output of a genotype?

A

The individual effort of all organisms bearing that genotype

41
Q

Component of fitness stating number and quality of mates (lots of gametes does not equal high fitness)

A

Mating success

42
Q

Selective regime and its impact differ deepening on the frequency of phenotypes or genotypes

A

Frequency dependent selection

43
Q

These two influence pop size by limiting the natural, genetically determined potential for population increase

A

Density independent factors and density dependent factors

44
Q

What does W + s = 1 indicate?

A

Relative fitness + selection coefficient = 1

45
Q

Three species that undergo menopause

A

Narwhal, Beluga Whale, and Humans

46
Q

Finches example of selection

A

Drought years show inc in beak size for next generation and it returns to normal later

47
Q

Differential survival and reproduction of particular heritable phenotypes

A

Natural selection

48
Q

We cant easily determine this bc we can’t tell whether a genotype or phenotype is optimal

A

Absolute fitness (which individual is most fit)

49
Q

A heritable trait that increases an individual’s fitness in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking that trait

A

Adaptation

50
Q

Component of fitness stating the number of gametes per individual

A

Fecundity

51
Q

This type of selection may explain persistence of diseases

A

Stabilizing selection (sickle cell, dominant = death to malaria, recessive = death to sickle cell, heater = death to neither)

52
Q

How do fitness differences violate HW equilibrium?

A

Create differences in successful allele transmission, more offspring will contribute more alleles to the next gen, allele frequencies will not be constant

53
Q

The fitness of the best genotype is set to this

A

1

54
Q

What is fitness determined by?

A

The reproductive output for each genotype

55
Q

What does a selection coefficient of 0 represent?

A

Equivalent to HW assumption of no selection

56
Q

When will all same genotyped individuals have the same reproductive output?

A

If the environment isn’t a factor

57
Q

When selection acts to eliminate a phenotype or genotype

A

Negative

58
Q

The nonrandom differential survival and reproduction of particular phenotypes

A

Selection

59
Q

The ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile, offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

A

Biological fitness

60
Q

What is reproductive output a balancing act with?

A

Tradeoffs in cots and benefits. Lots of offspring = lots of energy and less care. Little offspring = lots of care but could still die

Biology 1114 (10 decks)

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