Variation 2 Flashcards
Lexical sets:
Large groups of words which share the same (stressed) vowel
Distribution of /r/
RP is non-rhotic: only prevocalic /r/
GA is rhotic: /r/ in all positions
Realisation of /l/
RP: clear [l] before vowels, dark (velarised) [ɫ] otherwise
GA: dark (velarised) [ɫ] in all positions
Realisation of /t/
RP: /t/ is a fortis plosive in all positions
GA: intervocalic /t/ is a voiced tap (e.g. city, waiting)
T-glottalling
that causes the phoneme /t/ to be pronounced as the glottal stop [ʔ]
COCKNey
TH-stopping
is the use of (t,d) instead of /ð/ θ̼
Irish, AAVE,
L-vocalisation
A characteristic feature whereby the “dark” allophone of /l/ becomes a vovel of the (o) or (
H-dropping
Absence of initial /h/ e.g. “enry” for henry. Typical Cockney
KIT
ɪ = Near-close near-front
DRESS
e = Close-mid front
PRICE
aɪ Open front starting-point
MOUTH
aʊ open front starting point
NURSE
ɜː Open-mid central
TRAP
æ = Near-open front
LOT
ɒ = Open back rounded vowe
FOOT
ʊ = Near-close near-back rounded vowe
STRUT
ʌ = Open-mid back
FLEECE
iː Close front
FACE
eɪ Close-mid front starting point
PALM
ɑː Open front
THOUGHT
ɔː Open-mid backrounded
GOAT
əʊ mid central starting-point
GOOSE
uː Close back rounded
CHOICE
ɔɪ open mid-back rounded starting point
Mouth
aʊ mid central starting-point
NEAR
ɪə Close front starting point
SQUARE
ɛə open mid front starting point
START
ɑː Open back unrounded vowel
NORTH
ɔː (long= Open-mid back rounded vowel
FORCE
ɔː (long) Open-mid back rounded vowel
CURE
ʊə close-mid back rounded starting point
Glottal
a sound produced in the larynx, due to the closure or narrowing og the glottis, as in the initial consonant (H) of happy and in the glottal stop (?), which is stereotypically connected with London Cockney but actually found in varius accents around the englishspeaking world
Retroflex
A position slightly further back then alveolar, with the tip of the tounge bear or curled backwards, as generally in R`s produced by Americans and speakers from England west country
Tapped
Referes to consonants that are related to trills: the difference is that the movement is momenetary: there is only on beat (tap) which is usually produced by the tip of the tounge. A tapped /r/ which is represented as [r] and sound almost like a [d] is common in some accents of British English, especially between vowels, as in very, hurry. This sound is characteristic of most varieties of American English but as a realization of intervocalic /t/ as un city and latter.
Trilled
(rolled) refers to certain types of /r/ and stands for the rapid, repeated tapping in which the tip of the tongue is used. it is something of a stereotype that front trills in which the tip of the tounge is used - are characteristic of Scottish English
Uvular
The back of the tongue against the uvula. unlike many European languages, English does not generally have uvular “back” /r/, but there is a highly recessive pocket in North-east England. where it may possibly be heard under the name of “northumbriar burr” and some scottish speakers use it virably.
Wide
a term used about diphthongs that a characterized by by a relatively long distance from the starting point to the finishing-point. some Broad Australian Diphthongs for example, are Typically wider then their correspondence in reference accent RP as in (saI) rather then (sei) for say
Allophone
one of two or more alternative realisations of a phoneme (clear and dark L in RP)
Aspirated
Refers to stops, whose release by a short period in which the vocal cords are not vibrating
cluster
A sequence of adjacent consonants
Fricative
Speech-Sound articulated in such a way that the air-flow is led through a narrow passage where the air gives rise to audible Friction
stress-timed
Languages assigns roughly equal time from one stress to the next, irrespective of number of syllables involved
Syllable-timed
These languages assign roughly equal time to each syllable
Variety
Speech communities which have distinctly different patterns of pronunciation and lexis but broadly used similar syntax are said in English studies to speak varieties of the same dialect.
