Consonants

Question 1

/w/

Answer 1

Bilabial- velar approximant /w/
W – wait, wind
Wh – white, wheel
U – quit, queen

Question 2

/j/

Answer 2

Palatal approximant /j/
J always occurs before vowel sounds. Most of them are pronounced /ju:/
Y – you – yard
Eu – Europe, eulogy
U – unit, uterus, mule
Ue – cue, fuel.
Ew – few, mew

Question 3

/r/

Answer 3

Postalveolar approximant /r/
R is always spelt R
R – right, free, carry
Rh – rhyme, rhino
Wr – write, wrong

Question 4

/l/

Answer 4

Alveolar lateral /l/
L is always spelt l
Silent in comes before /k,m,f,v/ walk, talk, calm

Question 5

/ŋ/

Answer 5

Velar nasal /ŋ/
N + another consonant
Ng – sing, hang
Nk – sink, tank
Nq – banquet, enquire
Nx – lynx, sphinx
Nc- uncle, zinc

Question 6

/n/

Answer 6

Alveolar nasal /n/
N in no, run, winner
Kn – knot knife
Gn- gnaw, gnome
Pn – pneumonia
Gn – sign, reign

Question 7

/m/

Answer 7

The Bilabial nasal /m/
M is M
MB – is m in climb, bomb.
Mn - damn, autumn
Gm – paradigm phlegm

Question 8

/h/

Answer 8

The Glottal fricative H
H – hit, harm
Wh – who hole
H is silent in words like hour honest
Silent after prefix ex- exhibit

Question 9

/ʒ/

Answer 9

Postalveolar fricatives /ʒ/ lenis
ge – beige
zure – seizure
v sion – vision, invasion
v sure – measure, pleasure
v sual – casual

S is pronounced ʃ when its preceded by consonants and ʒ preceded by vowels

Question 10

/ʃ/

Answer 10

Postalveolar fricatives /ʃ/ fortis
ʃ
Sh – shine, shoe
Ci – ancient musician
Tt- nation, action
Ch – chic, chef,
C + sion, tension, mission
C + sure- sensure
C – sensual

Question 11

/s/

Answer 11

The alveolar fricative /s/ fortis
S
Ss – miss grass
C generally s when followed by e, I, or y – cell, cinema
Sc – when followed by e, i or y scene science

Question 12

/z/

Answer 12

The alveolar fricative /z/ lenis
Z is always pronounced z as in zero, zoo jazz,
X initially is Z, xerox, zylene
Ss is Z in this words, dessert, dissolve, possess, scissors, brassiere, aussie, Missouri.

Question 13

θ/ /ð/

Answer 13

The dental fricative /θ/ fortis /ð/ lenis
There is no rules for when th is pronounced θ or ð.
Th – initially in lexical words is usually θ , thank think
Th - Finally is often θ, bath
Th – initially in grammatical words ð this, that then
Th- in plural of words is ð baths, mouths
The finally is ð bathe, breathe.

Question 14

/f/ /v/

Answer 14

the labiodental fricative /f/ fortis and /v/ lenis
F is F in fish, leaf off
Gh – laugh, draught,
Ph – photo phase

V is spelt v
Exceptions of the words of and Stephen where v is spelt f

Question 15

/tʃ/

Answer 15

The postalveolar affricates /tʃ/ fortis
Ch – chain, chew
Tch – watch, switch
T ure - bate, creature
T eous – righteous
S t ion – question, suggestion
C - cello

Question 16

/dʒ/

Answer 16

The postalveolar affricates /dʒ/ lenis
/dʒ/
J – jam, job
g- gin, rage
dg – bridge
gg- suggest
dj – adjective
di – soldier

Question 17

/k/

Answer 17

The velar plosive /k/ fortis

/k/
K – king, keep
C – car, cold
Ck – rock, kick
Ch – chaos, chemist
Q – quick, quiet
Que -unique, physique

X – ks – tax
Cc – ks before e and i

Question 18

/g/

Answer 18

The velar plosive /g/ lenis
/g/
g- go and leg
g – is silent initially and finally before /n/ in know, and foreign

Question 19

/t/ /d/

Answer 19

The alveolar plosive /t/ (fortis) and /d/ (lenis)

/t/ and /d/ are usually spelt like t and d.

<th> are /t/ in some cases like thyme, Thomas, thames
T can be silent: castle, listen, and in some French loanwords like mortgage
D is silent in handsome and handkerchief

Both /t//d/ can be spelt -ed
-ed is /t/ after fortis consonants. Jumped, looked
-ed is /d/ after vowels, sonorants, and lenis consonants. Played, rolled
-ed is /ɪd/ after /t,t/ waited, melted
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