last chance

Question 1

Active voice:

Answer 1

The subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb.

Example: “The dog (subject) chased (verb) the cat.”

Question 2

Passive voice:

Answer 2

Passive voice: The subject of the sentence receives the action expressed by the verb.

Example: “The cat (subject) was chased (verb) by the dog.”

Question 3

Modal aux

Answer 3

Modal auxiliary: Refers to a type of auxiliary verb that expresses modality, including possibility, necessity, permission, ability, or obligation.

Examples of modal auxiliary verbs in English include “can,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “shall,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “must,” and “ought to.” These verbs modify the meaning of the main verb in a sentence to indicate the speaker’s attitude towards the action or state.

Question 4

Dummy do:

Answer 4

Refers to the use of the auxiliary verb “do” in questions, negatives, or emphatic statements where it serves a syntactic role without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Example: “Do you like ice cream?” (dummy do used for question formation)Pl

Question 5

Pleonastic do

Answer 5

Pleonastic do: Refers to the use of “do” for emphasis or syntactic completeness in affirmative statements.
Example: “I do like ice cream.” (pleonastic do used for emphasis)

Question 6

Habitual aspect:

Answer 6

Habitual aspect: Describes actions or events that occur regularly, repeatedly, or habitually. It indicates ongoing patterns of behavior rather than specific actions at a particular moment.

Example: “She reads books every evening.” (habitual action expressed with simple present tense)

Question 7

Perfect aspect:

Answer 7

Indicates the completion or result of an action at a specific point in time or in relation to another event. It focuses on the state resulting from an action rather than the action itself.

Example: “She has finished her homework.” (indicating completion with present perfect tense)

Question 8

Progressive aspect:

Answer 8

indicates ongoing, continuous, or in-progress actions at a specific time. It emphasizes the action’s duration or temporariness.

Example: “She is studying for her exam.” (indicating ongoing action with present progressive tense)

Question 9

Complement of the preposition: .

Answer 9

Refers to the noun phrase, pronoun, or clause that follows a preposition and completes its meaning by providing additional information about location, time, direction, possession, or other relationships.

Example: In the phrase “in the house,” “the house” is the complement of the preposition “in,” indicating the location

Question 10

Modifier of the verb:

Answer 10

Refers to an adverb or adverbial phrase that describes or adds detail to the action or state expressed by the verb. It provides information about how, when, where, or to what extent the action or state occurs.

Example: In “She quickly ran to the store,” “quickly” is the modifier of the verb “ran,” indicating how she performed the action of running.

Question 11

Direct object:

Answer 11

Receives the action of the verb directly. It answers the question “what” or “whom” after the verb.

Example: In “She bought a book,” “a book” is the direct object of the verb “bought.”

Question 12

Indirect object:

Answer 12

Receives the direct object or is affected by the action indirectly. It answers the question “to whom” or “for whom/what” after the verb.

Example: In “She gave him a gift,” “him” is the indirect object that tells us to whom the gift was given.

Question 13

Subjective complement:

Answer 13

Follows a linking verb and describes or renames the subject of the sentence. It can be a predicate noun (nominative) or predicate adjective (attributive).

Example: In “She is a doctor,” “doctor” is the subjective complement that renames the subject “She.”

Question 14

Modifier of the noun:

Answer 14

Refers to an adjective or adjectival phrase that describes or provides additional information about a noun. It specifies the characteristics, qualities, or attributes of the noun.

Example: In “the tall building,” “tall” is the modifier of the noun “building,” describing its height.

Question 15

Complement of the adjective:

Answer 15

Refers to a word or phrase that follows an adjective and completes its meaning by providing additional information or specifying the quality described by the adjective. It can be a noun, pronoun, or adjective complement.

Example: In “She seems happy,” “happy” is complemented by the adjective “happy,” indicating the state of being.

Question 16

Subject:

Answer 16

The subject of a sentence is the person, thing, or entity that performs the action described by the verb or that is described by the predicate. It is typically a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that indicates who or what the sentence is about.

Example: In “She sings beautifully,” “She” is the subject of the sentence, performing the action of singing.

Question 17

Prepositions:
Particles

Answer 17

Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns and other elements.
Example: “She is in the house.”

Particles: Modify verbs to change their meaning.
Example: “She looked up the word.”

Question 18

Clausal subjects:

Answer 18

Refers to a whole clause that acts as the subject of a sentence.

Example: “That he arrived late was disappointing.” (Here, “That he arrived late” is the clausal subject of the sentence.)

Question 19

Subordinate clause:

Answer 19

A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and functions as part of a larger sentence, often dependent on a main clause.

Example: “Although it was raining, they went for a walk.” (Here, “Although it was raining” is a subordinate clause that adds information to the main clause “they went for a walk.”)

Question 20

Relative clause:

Answer 20

Provides additional information about a noun in the sentence and begins with a relative pronoun (e.g., who, which, that).

Example: “The book that you lent me is excellent.” (Here, “that you lent me” is a relative clause describing “the book.”)

Question 21

Complement clause:

Answer 21

Functions as a complement to a verb, adjective, or noun in the sentence and completes its meaning.

Example: “She said that she would come.” (Here, “that she would come” is a complement clause completing the verb “said.”)

Question 22

Tensed
To-infinitival
Bare infinitival
Participial

Answer 22

Tensed: Refers to verbs that show time through inflection, such as past, present, or future tense.
Example: “She sings beautifully.” (Present tense)

To-infinitival: Refers to the infinitive form of a verb preceded by “to.”
Example: “She likes to sing.” (To-infinitival phrase with “to sing”)

Bare infinitival: Refers to the infinitive form of a verb without “to.”
Example: “I saw her sing.” (Bare infinitival phrase with “sing”)

Participial: Refers to a verb form that functions as an adjective or adverb, typically ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle).
Example: “The running water is refreshing.” (Present participial phrase with “running”)

Question 23

wh-clause
complements.

Answer 23

Refers to a clause introduced by a wh-word (such as who, what, where, when, why, how) that functions as a complement to a verb, adjective, or noun in a sentence. Wh-clause complements provide additional information or specify details related to the main clause.

Question 24

Clause

Answer 24

A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb) and can function as a complete sentence (independent clause) or as part of a larger sentence (dependent clause).

Example:
Independent Clause: “She sings beautifully.” (Here, “She sings beautifully” is an independent clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence.)

Dependent Clause: “When she sings, everyone listens.” (Here, “When she sings” is a dependent clause that cannot stand alone and depends on the rest of the sentence for meaning.)

Question 25

Past tense
past particle

Answer 25

Past Tense Forms: Used for actions or states in the past, often ending in “-ed” (e.g., walked, played).
Past Participles: Used in perfect tenses and passive voice, can end in “-ed” for regular verbs or have irregular forms (e.g., written, taken).
Difference:

Past tense forms indicate past actions directly.
Past participles are used with auxiliary verbs and in passive constructions.

Question 26

Pleonastic subjects:

Answer 26

Are unnecessary or redundant subjects in sentences that don’t add new information. They are often used for emphasis or to maintain grammatical structure.

Question 27

Existential sentence:

Answer 27

Existential sentence: Asserts the existence of something or someone, typically using the structure “there + be” (e.g., “There is a book on the table”).

Question 28

tag questions

Answer 28

Tag questions: Short questions added to the end of a statement to seek confirmation or agreement. They usually repeat part of the statement in question form.
Example: “You like coffee, don’t you?” (Here, “don’t you?” is the tag question added to confirm the statement.)

Question 29

Passivize:

Answer 29

Passivize: Refers to the process of changing an active sentence (where the subject performs the action) into a passive sentence (where the subject receives the action).

Active sentence: “The chef cooked the meal.”

Passive sentence (passivized): “The meal was cooked by the chef.”

Question 30

Indirect object of a ditransitive verb:

Answer 30

Refers to the recipient or beneficiary of the action, typically introduced with a preposition like “to” or “for.” It comes after the verb and before the direct object.

Example: “She gave a book to her friend.” (Here, “her friend” is the indirect object receiving the book.)

Question 31

Ditransitive verb:

Answer 31

A verb that can take both a direct object and an indirect object. It transfers the action from the subject to both the direct and indirect objects.

Example: “She gave him a gift.” (Here, “gave” is a ditransitive verb, “him” is the indirect object, and “a gift” is the direct object.)

Question 32

Linking verb:

Answer 32

A verb that connects the subject of a sentence with a subject complement (predicate noun or predicate adjective), rather than showing action. It expresses a state of being or condition.

Example: “She is happy.” (Here, “is” is a linking verb connecting “She” with the predicate adjective “happy.”)

Question 33

complementizers

Answer 33

Complementizers: Words that introduce subordinate clauses and connect them to the main clause, indicating the relationship between the clauses.

Example: “She said that she would come.” (Here, “that” is a complementizer introducing the subordinate clause “she would come.”)

Question 34

Coordinating conjunctions

Answer 34

Coordinating conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank, such as two independent clauses or two items in a list.

Examples: “and,” “but,” “or,” “nor,” “for,” “so,” “yet.”
Example sentence: “She likes coffee and he likes tea.” (Here, “and” is a coordinating conjunction connecting two independent clauses.)

Question 35

Conjunctive adverbs:

Answer 35

Adverbs that connect independent clauses or sentences and show relationships like addition, contrast, cause, or sequence.

Examples: “however,” “therefore,” “meanwhile,” “moreover,” “nevertheless,” “consequently.”
Example sentence: “She wanted to go; however, she stayed home.” (Here, “however” is a conjunctive adverb connecting two independent clauses.)

Question 36

Coordination:

Answer 36

Refers to the grammatical structure where two or more words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance are linked together using coordinating conjunctions to form compound elements in a sentence.

Example: “She likes coffee and tea.” (Here, “and” coordinates the two items “coffee” and “tea” in the sentence.)

Question 37

Predicate:

Answer 37

The part of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject, describing what the subject does or is.

Example: In the sentence “She sings beautifully,” “sings beautifully” is the predicate, describing the action performed by “she.”

Question 38

thematic roles

Answer 38

Agent: ‘the typically animate instigator of the action’ (Fillmore 1968)
Patient: entity that undergoes a visible change in state
Theme: entity moved or described; affected with no visible change

Experiencer: entity that receives a sensory impression
Beneficiary: entity for whose benefit the action is performed
Instrument: something used by an Agent to accomplishes the action