Eng 110 Flashcards
learning
Nouns in general
Usually a place, person, or thing
Abstract nouns
Abstract nouns are things we can´t thouch like love and freedom. (events, ideas, processes)
Concrete nouns
Concrete nouns are stuff we can touch, like a mouse, computer, etc. (people, animal things)
Common nouns
Picks out a member of a set that is more then one, like insanity, food, seatbelt.
Proper nouns
Refers to a unique entity, something there is only one of. Exampel Isabel or Eiffel tower. (often in capital letters)
Count nouns
Denotes discrete units like squirrel
can use a/another, both, each/every, many/ few
Several, some, all, the
Mass nouns
Denotes an unbound mass like mud.
you can say some mud, all mud or the mud, but you cant say muds or a mud.
Collective nouns
Collective nouns are count nouns, but are words used to define a group of objects such as team, jury etc.
Generic nouns
Generic nouns are another way that we can classify nouns in terms of their semantics.
Dogs are usually furry. It don’t have any determiner so its about every dog and not a specific one.
Inflectional affixation
Expresses grammatical information
Plurals (regular nouns)
Noun with a suffix s that denotes the noun in the plural
Cat - Cats
Dog - dogs
Possessives (nouns)
A noun with a Suffix: s that denotes something that the noun possesses.
The dogs bowl
Main verb
main verbs have lexical meanings
its the main action of the sentene
Derivational affixation (verb)
Derivational affixation is a linguistic process where affixes (prefixes or suffixes) are added to a base word to create a new word
Imagine -tion
Inflectional affixation (verb)
there are 4 inflectional affixes which attach to main verbs
present tense –s
past –ed
past participle –ed or –en
present participle –ing
infinitives
the infinitive is a form of a main verb which doesn’t carry any tense
To eat, to drink, base word
Present tense
he eats, she drinks
past tense
They ate, she drank
present and past participles
a present participle follows aux be
a past participle follows aux have
Present: They are eating
Past: They have eaten.
Past participle variation
Suppletion
the verb be has unpredictable forms - suppletion
present: am, are, is
past: was, were
past participle: been
present participle: being
infinitive: to be
Derivational affixation (noun)
Attatching a derivational affix to a word or root we typically derive a new words, a new dictionary entry.
cat + like = adjective catlike.
excite + ment = excitement
Plural (irregular nouns)
Don’t have the suffix -s
Woman - women
Man - men
Pronouns
Nomative case: (subject)
I, we you, he, she it, they
accusative case (object)
Me, us, you, him, her, it them.
possessive pronouns
possessive pronouns are
independent
This house is mine and
mine alone!
possessive determiners
are dependent on a
following noun
This is my house!
antecedent
The antecedent
is the NP that a pronoun replaces.
the progressive auxiliary be
used to express progressive aspect
They were knocking on doors.
followed by a
present participle
the passive auxiliary be
used to form passive voice
We all were given permission to leave!
followed by a
past participle
the perfect auxiliary have
used to express perfect aspect
We already have watched this DVD!
followed by a
past participle
have and be
have and be can appear as main verbs
main verb have is a verb of possession
main verb be links a subject to a description
of that subject
modals
can, could may, might, must, will, would, shall, should express meanings such as possibility, certainty, prediction, permission, obligation,
one modal can be ambiguous between two or more meanings
Modals are always finite
The main verb be
Links a subject to a description of that subject.
This addition WAS essential
Transitive verbs
a transitive verb needs a complement (dO)
subject and complement are assigned specific roles by V. so-called thematic roles agent and patient.
Pronoun it / there
Locative there
pleonastic there / it
The pronoun it refers back to the person or thing.
“it is in the fridge, I belive”
Locative there refers to a place
“I have never been there
Pleonastic there: there is a witch in the corner.
“There is only one way to do it”
“it is wrong to kill animal.
