Variables And Hypotheses Flashcards
What is an Extraneous Variable?
Variables that aren’t controlled for in an experiment and affect the results
Extraneous variables can ruin the validity of the experiment.
What is the Independent Variable (IV)?
Variable the experimenter manipulates or changes, assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable
The IV is what the researcher alters to observe its effect on the DV.
What is the Dependent Variable (DV)?
Variable being tested and measured in an experiment, and is ‘dependent’ on the independent variable
The DV is what the researcher is measuring to see if it changes due to the IV.
What is a Confounding Variable?
Variable that influences both the IV and DV, leading to false conclusions
Confounding variables can obscure the true relationship between the IV and DV.
Define Operationalising variables.
Clearly defining the behaviour to be recorded in a measurable way
This process allows for objective measurement of broad constructs.
What is a research aim?
A statement of intention
Research aims outline what the study seeks to achieve.
What is a hypothesis?
A precise, testable statement of what the researcher predicts will be the outcome of the study
Hypotheses guide the research and analysis.
What is a Directional Hypothesis?
Predicts the direction of the effect
This is based on prior research that suggests a specific outcome.
What is a Non-directional Hypothesis?
Anticipates a difference but not the direction
Used when there is no relevant prior research.
What is a Null Hypothesis?
Hypothesis stating no difference between control and other groups
The null hypothesis serves as a baseline to compare against.
When should a researcher use a directional hypothesis?
When there is evidence to support a directional prediction
Evidence could come from previous research that is consistent.
When should a researcher use a non-directional hypothesis?
When there is no previous research or the available research is contradictory
Non-directional hypotheses provide flexibility in outcomes.
