The Scientific Method Flashcards
What is the scientific method?
A systematic approach to inquiry that includes observation, hypothesis formulation, testing, and theory development.
The scientific method involves both deductive and inductive reasoning.
What is deductive reasoning?
- Observation of behaviour.
- Formulation of theory.
- Creation of testable hypothesis
- Test and refine hypothesis using study
- Modify and repeat
- Support or reject theory
It starts with a theory or general statement and moves to specific observations.
What is inductive reasoning?
- Observation of behaviour
- Look for patterns
- Make hypothesis
- Test and refine
- Formulate theory
## Footnote
It typically follows these steps: observe behavior, look for patterns, formulate theory.
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative explanation or prediction that can be tested through research.
It is often derived from theories.
What is a theory?
A collection of general principles that explains phenomena and can guide further hypothesis formation.
Theories are essential for empirical studies.
What is empirical evidence?
Information acquired by observation or experimentation that is used to support or refute a hypothesis.
This evidence is gained through the senses.
What are the features of science?
Empirical methods, objectivity, replicability, and falsifiability.
These features help ensure the integrity and reliability of scientific inquiry.
What is empiricism?
The theory that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
It contrasts with rationalism, which emphasizes reasoning.
What does replicability mean in scientific research?
The ability to obtain consistent results when a study is repeated under the same conditions.
This is crucial for validating research findings.
What is falsifiability?
The possibility that a hypothesis can be proven false through testing.
Proposed by Karl Popper, it is a key criterion for scientific statements.
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a collection of general principles that explains phenomena.
[theory]
True or False: The only source of knowledge according to empiricism is reasoning.
False
Empiricism asserts that knowledge comes from sensory experience.
What is the purpose of theory construction?
To create frameworks that can guide hypothesis testing and empirical studies.
Theories help refine understanding of phenomena.
What is a paradigm shift?
A fundamental change in the underlying assumptions of a scientific theory or field.
It often leads to new ways of explaining phenomena.
