Variable and Outcome Measure

Question 1

what is a variable?

Answer 1

a property or characteristic that can be measured and that varies across people, places, and time

Question 2

what is an independent variable?

Answer 2

used to explain or predict a response outcome, or result

Question 3

what variable is manipulated by the researcher?

Answer 3

independent

Question 4

what is the predictor variable(s)?

Answer 4

independent variables

Question 5

what are other names for independent variables?

Answer 5

controlled, explanatory, exposure variable

Question 6

what are dependent variables?

Answer 6

the ones you are seeking change in as a result of the independent variable

Question 7

what are other names for the dependent variable

Answer 7

response, observed, outcome

Question 8

what is an outcome?

Answer 8

attribute of an individual that I expected to change owing to the intervention (OT services) or exposure (age, gender)

Question 9

what are the 5 D’s that are relevant outcomes in health?

Answer 9

death
disease
discomfort
disability
dissatisfaction

Question 10

what are the 5 D’s now?

Answer 10

mortality (death)
morbidity (disease)
disability (function)
dissatisfaction
cost (destitution)

Question 11

what are examples of impairment outcomes in occupational therapy?

Answer 11

dexterity
pain
balance
depression

Question 12

what are examples of activity limitation outcomes in occupational therapy?

Answer 12

difficulty dressing
difficulty with communication
difficulty with doing daily routines

Question 13

what are examples of participation restriction outcomes in occupational therapy?

Answer 13

sports
shopping
attending religious services

Question 14

what is an outcome?

Answer 14

result of involvement in an interaction

Question 15

what is an outcome measure?

Answer 15

an instrument designed to measure the impact of an intervention

Question 16

why do we measure outcomes?

Answer 16

discriminate between subjects
evaluate change over time
predict either prognosis or results of some test

Question 17

what are types of outcome measures?

Answer 17

patent reported outcomes
clinician reported outcome and performance related outcome
population outcomes

Question 18

what are patient reported outcomes?

Answer 18

any reports of a patients health status that comes directly from the patient who experiences it, without interpretation by a clinician or anyone else

Question 19

what are clinician reported outcomes or performance related outcomes?

Answer 19

patient is asked to perform a certain task and an observer/clinician rates the performance

Question 20

what are the modes of administration for outcome measures?

Answer 20

paper and pen
computer based
specialized equipment

Question 21

what are the three types of measurement scales used in most health outcome measures?

Answer 21

Likert
Guttman
Semantic Differential

Question 22

what are likert type scales?

Answer 22

common in health care and measure the level of agreement or disagreement and individual has about a construct

a series of statements are given and the participant indicates how strongly they agree or disagree

an even number of responses will force individuals to rate the construct either negatively or positively

an odd number of responses will allow individuals to choose a neutral or middle ground response

Question 23

what are guttman scales?

Answer 23

less common in health outcome measures but do exist

designed to be unidimensional so they are designed to only measure one construct

the items on the scale are designed too gradually increase in intensity and are hierarchically arranged so that each response assumed the endorsement of all previous responses

Question 24

what are semantic differential scales usually used to assess?

Answer 24

attitudes or beliefs

Question 25

what are semantic differential scales?

Answer 25

respondents give a judgement about something along an ordered dimension anchord by polar extremes

Question 26

what is reliability?

Answer 26

the extent to which a measure/test provides the same results on repeated trials or from different raters

Question 27

what is validity?

Answer 27

the capacity of the instrument to measure the underlying construct it is assumed and anticipated to measure

Question 28

what is responsiveness?

Answer 28

the accurate detection of change when it has occurred and the ability to detect a minimally important difference in patient status

Question 29

what are floor and ceiling effects?

Answer 29

clustering of a sample at one or other end of the score

Question 30

when is a floor/ceiling effect significant?

Answer 30

when it is greater than 20%

Question 31

how Is reliability normally expressed?

Answer 31

as a correlation coefficient and can range from 0.00- 1.00

Question 32

how is stabilities normally measured?

Answer 32

by calculating test-retest correlations

Question 33

what is internal consistency?

Answer 33

a reflection of the homogeneity of the measurements representation of the construct

Question 34

what are different types of validity?

Answer 34

content
criterion
construct

Question 35

what are the levels of measurement types for quantitative data?

Answer 35

continuous: take on any value

discrete: can only have aa certain designed set of values

Question 36

what are dichotomous or binary measurement types?

Answer 36

two levels for example dead or alive, yes or no

Question 37

what are polychromous measurement types?

Answer 37

ranked:
ordinal- ordered by quantity, the intervals between the values may not be equal

interval- ordered by quantity with equal distances between options but no meaningful 0

ratio-he distances are equal nd can be mathematically combined , 0 is meaningful

Named:
nominal- values differ in quality only (eye colour). we may assign numbers to a nominal variable but these number provide no quantitative information