Variable and Outcome Measure Flashcards
what is a variable?
a property or characteristic that can be measured and that varies across people, places, and time
what is an independent variable?
used to explain or predict a response outcome, or result
what variable is manipulated by the researcher?
independent
what is the predictor variable(s)?
independent variables
what are other names for independent variables?
controlled, explanatory, exposure variable
what are dependent variables?
the ones you are seeking change in as a result of the independent variable
what are other names for the dependent variable
response, observed, outcome
what is an outcome?
attribute of an individual that I expected to change owing to the intervention (OT services) or exposure (age, gender)
what are the 5 D’s that are relevant outcomes in health?
death
disease
discomfort
disability
dissatisfaction
what are the 5 D’s now?
mortality (death)
morbidity (disease)
disability (function)
dissatisfaction
cost (destitution)
what are examples of impairment outcomes in occupational therapy?
dexterity
pain
balance
depression
what are examples of activity limitation outcomes in occupational therapy?
difficulty dressing
difficulty with communication
difficulty with doing daily routines
what are examples of participation restriction outcomes in occupational therapy?
sports
shopping
attending religious services
what is an outcome?
result of involvement in an interaction
what is an outcome measure?
an instrument designed to measure the impact of an intervention
why do we measure outcomes?
discriminate between subjects
evaluate change over time
predict either prognosis or results of some test
what are types of outcome measures?
patent reported outcomes
clinician reported outcome and performance related outcome
population outcomes
what are patient reported outcomes?
any reports of a patients health status that comes directly from the patient who experiences it, without interpretation by a clinician or anyone else
what are clinician reported outcomes or performance related outcomes?
patient is asked to perform a certain task and an observer/clinician rates the performance
what are the modes of administration for outcome measures?
paper and pen
computer based
specialized equipment
what are the three types of measurement scales used in most health outcome measures?
Likert
Guttman
Semantic Differential
what are likert type scales?
common in health care and measure the level of agreement or disagreement and individual has about a construct
a series of statements are given and the participant indicates how strongly they agree or disagree
an even number of responses will force individuals to rate the construct either negatively or positively
an odd number of responses will allow individuals to choose a neutral or middle ground response
what are guttman scales?
less common in health outcome measures but do exist
designed to be unidimensional so they are designed to only measure one construct
the items on the scale are designed too gradually increase in intensity and are hierarchically arranged so that each response assumed the endorsement of all previous responses
what are semantic differential scales usually used to assess?
attitudes or beliefs
what are semantic differential scales?
respondents give a judgement about something along an ordered dimension anchord by polar extremes
what is reliability?
the extent to which a measure/test provides the same results on repeated trials or from different raters
what is validity?
the capacity of the instrument to measure the underlying construct it is assumed and anticipated to measure
what is responsiveness?
the accurate detection of change when it has occurred and the ability to detect a minimally important difference in patient status
what are floor and ceiling effects?
clustering of a sample at one or other end of the score
when is a floor/ceiling effect significant?
when it is greater than 20%
how Is reliability normally expressed?
as a correlation coefficient and can range from 0.00- 1.00
how is stabilities normally measured?
by calculating test-retest correlations
what is internal consistency?
a reflection of the homogeneity of the measurements representation of the construct
what are different types of validity?
content
criterion
construct
what are the levels of measurement types for quantitative data?
continuous: take on any value
discrete: can only have aa certain designed set of values
what are dichotomous or binary measurement types?
two levels for example dead or alive, yes or no
what are polychromous measurement types?
ranked:
ordinal- ordered by quantity, the intervals between the values may not be equal
interval- ordered by quantity with equal distances between options but no meaningful 0
ratio-he distances are equal nd can be mathematically combined , 0 is meaningful
Named:
nominal- values differ in quality only (eye colour). we may assign numbers to a nominal variable but these number provide no quantitative information
