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CABS cardiology > Valvular heart disesase > Flashcards

Valvular heart disesase Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Venturi effect

A

In HOCM it is when there is turbulent flow in the ventricle

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2
Q

What is laminar blood flow

A

calm (quiet) blood flow

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3
Q

During diastole what valves are open

A

AV valves

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4
Q

During systole what valves are open

A

Semilunar

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5
Q

What sound is S1

A

Lub (systole)

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6
Q

What heart sound is S2

A

Dub (Diastole)

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7
Q

Where is Erbs point and what is it used for

A

Third, left intercostal space

Good for listening to pathology like aortic regurge

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8
Q

What does it mean if there is a splitting of a heart sound

A

Valves are closing asynchronously

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9
Q

When is S4 heard in the cycle

A

just prior to S1(atrial gallop)

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10
Q

When is S4 heard in the heart cycle

A

Early diastole (ventricular gallop)

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11
Q

What can cause valvular stenosis

A

fibrosis
sclerosis
calcification

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12
Q

What happens when there is valvular regurge

A

Valve doesn’t shut completely and allows blood to back flow

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13
Q

What causes rheumatic fever

A

complication of GAS infection (s.pyogenese)

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14
Q

What gets attacked in the heart with rheumatic disease

A

aortic and mitral valves

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15
Q

When does acute rheumatic fever occur

A

weeks after initial illness

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of severe aortic stenosis

A

Heart failure
Angina
Syncope

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17
Q

What occurs with the valve in aortic stenosis

A

Thickening of the aortic valve with calcification
*ends up causing increase velocity

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of outflow obstruction in both kids and adults

A

Aortic stenosis

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19
Q

What does aortic stenosis cause

A

increased pressure within the LV which causes and increase pressure that the ventricle has to push against (AKA end diastolic pressure)

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20
Q

What are increased risk factors for aortic stenosis

A

HTN
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
DM

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21
Q

What occurs in the valve with rheumatic heart disease

A

Fusion of the tissue of the valve

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22
Q

What does BNP test for

A

CHF

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23
Q

What is BNP

A

Brain naturetic peptide

24
Q

If you have a high BNP what does it mean

A

the more severe the CHF

25
Q

What is aortic regurge

A

During diastole, blood that should be within the aorta/systemic circulation, is able to reenter the LV

26
Q

What kind of murmur does aortic regurge cause

A

diastolic

27
Q

what is the aortic valve attached to

A

aortic root

28
Q

What does back flow into the LV cause

A

eccentric hypertrophy (leads to dilated cardiomyopathy)

29
Q

What happens if there is a problem with the aortic root

A

causes adhered valvular cusps to separate (aneurysm / dissection)

30
Q

Where in the vessel does a dissection happen

A

Separation of the intimacy and media

31
Q

What type of CT pathology is also associated with aortic regurge

A

Marfans
Ehlers-danlos

32
Q

What are the risk factors for mitral stenosis

A

Older patients
End stage renal disease
Calcification deposits

33
Q

What is the normal opening size for the mitral valve

A

4-6cm

34
Q

When do patients become symptomatic with mitral stenosis

A

<2cm opening

35
Q

what is orthopnea

A

difficulty laying down from fluid

36
Q

How will a patient present with mitral stenosis

A

dyspnea
orthopnea
hemoptysis

37
Q

What are the causes of primary regurgitation

A

Infective endocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
Mitral prolapse
CT disease
MI (papillary muscle rupture)

38
Q

What are the causes of secondary regurge

A

Valve is normal, the problem is in the ventricle causing change in the annular shape (HOLCOM)

39
Q

What is a mitral valve prolapse

A

Valve becomes loose / floppy
-> bends inappropriately

40
Q

What is the job of the moderator band

A

Carries large amount of the RBB to the myocardium of the RV

41
Q

Where are moderator bands found

A

near the papillary muscles

42
Q

What are some cause of tricuspid stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease
Carcinoid syndrome
Tumors

43
Q

What symptoms will occur with tricuspid stenosis

A

Venous issues (Incr. JVP)
Arrhythmias

44
Q

When do symptoms of tricuspid regurge get worse

A

with increased preload

45
Q

What are the common causes of tricuspid regurge

A

pulmonary HTN
Enodcarditis (IVDU)
papillary muscle rupture

46
Q

What is pulmonic stenosis

A

Thickening of the pulmonic valve with calcification = increased velocity

47
Q

What are the outcomes of pulmonary stenosis

A

-RV hypertrophy
-systolic murmur (lub)
- Diastolic dysfunction
- RV failure

48
Q

What are the causes of pulmonary stenosis

A

Congenital
Part of tetralogy of fallot

49
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot

A

Combination of 4 congenital heart defects
-VSD
-pulmonary stenosis
-misplaced aorta
-Thickened RV wall

50
Q

What kind of murmur is heard with pulmonic regurge

A

diastolic

51
Q

What are some causes of pulmonary regurge

A

Endocarditis
Carcinoid syndrome
post Valvuloplasty

52
Q

What increases the risk of endothelial disruption

A

Turbulent or high flow states

*bacteria will increase platelet aggregation = increased sequestration of microorganisms

53
Q

What is the Duke criteria for

A

To diagnosis Endocarditis

54
Q

Where do septic emboli come from

A

vegetations in the right side of the heart

55
Q

What is empyema

A

abscess in the lungs

56
Q

What is endocarditis associated with in children

A

Congenital valvular disease
nosocomial infection
rheumatic heart disease

57
Q

What are the acute causes of endocarditis

A

S.Aureus
B-hemolytic strep
Aerobic gram neg bacili

CABS cardiology (10 decks)

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