cardiomyopathy Flashcards
how to you calculate cardiac output
HR x SV
how do you calculate stroke volume
edv-esv
Which layer of the heart are the coronaries found in
epicardium
What layer of the heart is the electrical system found in
Myocardium
What does a positive chronotrope do
increase heart rate
What does a negative chronotrope do
lower heart rate
What factors increase heart rate
Sympathetic system
Hyperthyroidism
hypoxemia / acidosis
Meds
what factors decrease heart rate
parasympathetic
athletes
meds
What factors determine the stroke volume
end diastolic volume
&
end systolic volume
What is ejection fraction determined by
the blood volume that get pumped out with each heart beat
*should be half the volume in the ventricle
What determines how much blood volume a ventricle can hold
degree of myocyte stretch
What is the Frank Starling curve
A curve that shows the optimal contractility / expansion of the heart
What is the most common referencing disease process of the LV
Cardiomyopathy
What is cardiomyopathy
disease process that changes the cardiac structure (effects myocardium itself)
What are the different types of cardiomyopathy
hypertrophic
dilated
arrythmogenic
restrictive
unclassified
What are the most common causes of cardiomyopathy
genetic (most common)
mixed
acquired
What is takotsubo
broken heart syndrome
*catecholamine surge that causes ventricular ballooning
What is the classification system of cardiomyopathy
M O G E S classification
What is the MOGES classification
Morphofunctional
Organ involvement
Genetic predisposition
Etiologic definition
functional status
What is systolic dysfunction
decreased contractility leading to reduced EF
What generally causes systolic disfunction
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is diastolic dysfunction
inability for the ventricle to completely relax to allow for appropriate passive filling
What generally causes diastolic dysfunction
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
restrictive cardiomyopathy
What occurs in the heart with dilated cardiomyopathy
eccentric hypertrophy which causes the ventricles to dilate
the excessive dilation with lead to reduced contractility
As the LV dilates, what are the downstream effects on the heart
Increase pre-load
cause increased atrial pressure
and finally atrial dilation
What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure
left sided heart failure
how does the body try to compensate for decreased cardiac output
RAAS
What is pheochromocytoma
Tumor arising from catecholamine producing cells in the adrenal gland
When is Takostubo classically seen
postmenopausal women
What is S3 heart sound associated with
maximum compliance of the LV
What makes the S3 sound
Sound of the blood from the LA striking the dilated LV
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Thickened myocardium leading to poor diastolic filling
What are some causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
genetic
chronic hypertension
aortic stenosis
amyloidosis
What is concentric hypertrophy
sarcomeres are stacking and getting thicket
*genetic abnormalities are generally associated
What is HOCM
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
*sudden cardiac death (most commonly in athletes)
What occurs in the heart with HOCM
LV hypertrophy along the septum begins to occlude the outflow tract
as this tract narrows, a vacuum can form which decreases CO
What heart sound is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
S4
*harsh crescendo/decresendo as it hits the outflow obstruction
What is occurring with restrictive cardiomyopathy
fibrosis of the myocardium
What is compliance
ability of myocytes to stretch
What type of murmur can occur from restrictive cardiomyopathy
systolic from regurgitation
What are some of the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy
end-myocardial fibrosis
radiation fibrosis
amyloidosis
sarcoidosis
hemochromatosis
What population is restrictive cardiomyopathy most common in
children in developing countries
What is sarcoidosis
An autoimmune disease
form of restrictive cardiomyopathy
What disease processes is hallmarked by non-caseating granuloma formation
Sarcoidosis
Where do the non-caseating granulomas in sarcoidosis deposit
Lungs
Heart
Eyes
Skin
