cardiomyopathy

Question 1

how to you calculate cardiac output

Answer 1

HR x SV

Question 2

how do you calculate stroke volume

Answer 2

edv-esv

Question 3

Which layer of the heart are the coronaries found in

Answer 3

epicardium

Question 4

What layer of the heart is the electrical system found in

Answer 4

Myocardium

Question 5

What does a positive chronotrope do

Answer 5

increase heart rate

Question 6

What does a negative chronotrope do

Answer 6

lower heart rate

Question 7

What factors increase heart rate

Answer 7

Sympathetic system
Hyperthyroidism
hypoxemia / acidosis
Meds

Question 8

what factors decrease heart rate

Answer 8

parasympathetic
athletes
meds

Question 9

What factors determine the stroke volume

Answer 9

end diastolic volume
&
end systolic volume

Question 10

What is ejection fraction determined by

Answer 10

the blood volume that get pumped out with each heart beat
*should be half the volume in the ventricle

Question 11

What determines how much blood volume a ventricle can hold

Answer 11

degree of myocyte stretch

Question 12

What is the Frank Starling curve

Answer 12

A curve that shows the optimal contractility / expansion of the heart

Question 13

What is the most common referencing disease process of the LV

Answer 13

Cardiomyopathy

Question 14

What is cardiomyopathy

Answer 14

disease process that changes the cardiac structure (effects myocardium itself)

Question 15

What are the different types of cardiomyopathy

Answer 15

hypertrophic
dilated
arrythmogenic
restrictive
unclassified

Question 16

What are the most common causes of cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

genetic (most common)
mixed
acquired

Question 17

What is takotsubo

Answer 17

broken heart syndrome

*catecholamine surge that causes ventricular ballooning

Question 18

What is the classification system of cardiomyopathy

Answer 18

M O G E S classification

Question 19

What is the MOGES classification

Answer 19

Morphofunctional
Organ involvement
Genetic predisposition
Etiologic definition
functional status

Question 20

What is systolic dysfunction

Answer 20

decreased contractility leading to reduced EF

Question 21

What generally causes systolic disfunction

Answer 21

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 22

What is diastolic dysfunction

Answer 22

inability for the ventricle to completely relax to allow for appropriate passive filling

Question 23

What generally causes diastolic dysfunction

Answer 23

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 24

What occurs in the heart with dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 24

eccentric hypertrophy which causes the ventricles to dilate

the excessive dilation with lead to reduced contractility

Question 25

As the LV dilates, what are the downstream effects on the heart

Answer 25

Increase pre-load cause increased atrial pressure and finally atrial dilation

Question 26

What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure

Answer 26

left sided heart failure

Question 27

how does the body try to compensate for decreased cardiac output

Answer 27

RAAS

Question 28

What is pheochromocytoma

Answer 28

Tumor arising from catecholamine producing cells in the adrenal gland

Question 29

When is Takostubo classically seen

Answer 29

postmenopausal women

Question 30

What is S3 heart sound associated with

Answer 30

maximum compliance of the LV

Question 31

What makes the S3 sound

Answer 31

Sound of the blood from the LA striking the dilated LV

Question 32

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 32

Thickened myocardium leading to poor diastolic filling

Question 33

What are some causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 33

genetic chronic hypertension aortic stenosis amyloidosis

Question 34

What is concentric hypertrophy

Answer 34

sarcomeres are stacking and getting thicket *genetic abnormalities are generally associated

Question 35

What is HOCM

Answer 35

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy *sudden cardiac death (most commonly in athletes)

Question 36

What occurs in the heart with HOCM

Answer 36

LV hypertrophy along the septum begins to occlude the outflow tract as this tract narrows, a vacuum can form which decreases CO

Question 37

What heart sound is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 37

S4 *harsh crescendo/decresendo as it hits the outflow obstruction

Question 38

What is occurring with restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 38

fibrosis of the myocardium

Question 39

What is compliance

Answer 39

ability of myocytes to stretch

Question 40

What type of murmur can occur from restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 40

systolic from regurgitation

Question 41

What are some of the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 41

end-myocardial fibrosis radiation fibrosis amyloidosis sarcoidosis hemochromatosis

Question 42

What population is restrictive cardiomyopathy most common in

Answer 42

children in developing countries

Question 43

What is sarcoidosis

Answer 43

An autoimmune disease form of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 44

What disease processes is hallmarked by non-caseating granuloma formation

Answer 44

Sarcoidosis

Question 45

Where do the non-caseating granulomas in sarcoidosis deposit

Answer 45

Lungs Heart Eyes Skin