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CABS cardiology > Cardiac malformation and pericardial disorders > Flashcards

Cardiac malformation and pericardial disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the first year of life

A

Congenital heart defect

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2
Q

What disease will you see a blue sclera

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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3
Q

Where is the ductus arteriosus

A

Junction at the bifurcation of pulmonary arteries and less curve of aortic arch

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4
Q

Which part of the heart provides 65% of CO in fetal development

A

RV

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5
Q

When does the Ductus arteriosus close and why

A

at birth (hours to days) from decreased prostaglandins

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6
Q

What occurs to pulmonary pressure with PDA

A

Increases

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7
Q

What will cause a PDA

A

Decreased respiratory drive in neonates

increased prostaglandins to failure of closure

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8
Q

What increases the risk for a PDA

A

maternal rubella

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9
Q

What exam findings will you see with a PDA

A

diastolic murmur heard best under L. clavicle

LV enlargement

May progress to HF

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10
Q

When does the heart begin to develop

A

around 3 weeks

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11
Q

When does the heart begin to beat

A

day 28

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12
Q

How are ASDs classified

A

size and symptoms
**especially when talking about kids

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13
Q

What is an ASD

A

Defect in the atrial septum that allows for left to right blood flow

**leads to increased right side filling and eventually dilated RA

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14
Q

What is the most common type of ASD

A

ostium secundum

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15
Q

What are the different types of ASD

A

Ostium secundum
ostium primum
sinus venosus

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16
Q

What type of ASD may be associated with mitral valve defects and involve the ventricular septum / subaortic abnormality

A

Ostium primum

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17
Q

What is the most common cardiac malformation associated with Down syndrome

A

ASD

*also have looser ligaments

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18
Q

What type of murmur will occur with ASD

A

Pulmonary outflow murmur
split S2

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19
Q

Why is a PFO different from and ASD

A

PFO is not missing any tissue

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20
Q

What study can be done to test for a PFO

A

Bubble study

**will see R->L shunting

21
Q

When do PFOs typically close

A

within the first week of life

22
Q

What is the typical size of a PFO

A

3.4mm

23
Q

What is a paradoxical embolism

A

Venous to arterial emboli

24
Q

When will a paradoxical embolism occur

A

If RA pressure is greater than LA

25
Q

Where are VSDs most common

A

perimembranous area of the septum

26
Q

What will you hear when listening to to a VSD

A

Holosystolic or palpable murmur

27
Q

What may occur in an infant with a large VSD

A

failure to thrive

28
Q

What determines which way the blood shunts in a VSD

A

pressure in the heart

29
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot characterized by

A

large VSD
pulmonary stenosis
Overriding aorta that straddles VSD
RV hypertrophy

30
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanosis in neonates

A

tetralogy of fallot

31
Q

How is tetralogy of fallot treated

A

surgically within the first year of life

32
Q

What genetic condition is tetralogy of fallot associated with

A

DiGeorge syndrome

33
Q

What causes cyanosis in tetralogy of fallot

A

The direction of the shunting blood changes (R->L)

34
Q

What are tet spells

A

increased obstruction of the RV outflow tract leading to cyanosis and deep rapid breathing

35
Q

What PE findings will you see on an undiagnosed adult with tetralogy of fallot

A

clubbing
cyanosis
arrhythmia
arthroplasty
increased erythrocyte mass

36
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta

A

Narrowing of the Aorta distal to the subclavian artery (near doctor arteriosus)

37
Q

what occurs in the body with coarctation of the aorta

A

increased pressure proximal to the lesion and hypotension distal to it

38
Q

What genetic disease is coarctation of the aorta associated with

A

turner syndrome

39
Q

What causes coarctation of the aorta

A

fibrous ridge of tissue

40
Q

What PE findings will you see with coarctation of aorta

A

systolic continuous murmur, heard best on back

decreased ability to exert themselves

41
Q

What are patients with aorta coarctation at increased risk for

A

HF
hypertensive encephalopathy
aortic dissection
rupture

42
Q

What is the job of the pericardium

A

anchor the heart within the mediastinum

43
Q

what is the number one cause of pericarditis

A

viral (coxsackie)

44
Q

How is pericarditis diagnosed

A

pericardial friction rub
ECG changes
Pericardial effusion

45
Q

What ECG changes are seen with pericarditis

A

Diffuse ST elevation
no correlation with specific coronary

46
Q

How will a patient with pericarditis present

A

sharp chest discomfort
no improvement with nitro
worse while laying down

47
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus

A

exaggerated fall in blood pressure with inspiration (>10mmHg)

48
Q

What may be seen on ECG with pericarditis

A

low voltage in severe cases or tamponade

49
Q

What is Kussmals sign

A

Increase in JVD distention on inspiration

CABS cardiology (10 decks)

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