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CABS cardiology > 1000ft review > Flashcards

1000ft review Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the atria located

A

Primarily posterior between lung hila

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2
Q

What structure of the heart makes up majority of the anterior surface

A

Right ventricle

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3
Q

Where is the fluid surrounding the heart located

A

pericardial cavity

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4
Q

What is pericardial effusion

A

fluid accumulation that puts excess pressure on the heart

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5
Q

What is the function of the fluid in the pericardium

A

the serous fluid helps to prevent inflammation

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6
Q

What is the outer later of the heart

A

parietal layer

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7
Q

What layer is adhered to the heard

A

epicardium

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8
Q

What lines the inner aspect of the heart

A

endothelium
-Connective tissue lining

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9
Q

What cell types make up the heart

A

contractile
involuntary
striated muscle cells

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10
Q

What is the plateau phase and what is its purpose

A

The heart cannot immediately relax after contraction

  • This phase allows relaxation for the heart to refill
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11
Q

How is the striated muscle in the heart different from skeletal muscle

A

There are more T tubles for more rapid and equal depolarization

Na+/K+ more readily depolarizes

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12
Q

How many nuclei are present in each cardiac cell

A

1

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13
Q

How are the cardiac cells arranged compared to skeletal

A

Cardiac is arranged in branching networks rather than parallel

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14
Q

What structure is found between the cardiac cells

A

intercalculated discs

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the inter calculated discs

A

Allows for rapid transmission of cellular activity via gap junctions and electrical conduction

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16
Q

What initiates the action potential for the heart

A

cardiac conduction cells

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17
Q

What is troponin and indicator of

A

cardiac ischemia

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18
Q

What is troponin

A

protein within the myocardium

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19
Q

Which forms of troponin are cardiac specific

A

T and I

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20
Q

How quickly will troponin levels elevate in the blood after a myocardial injury

A

3 hours

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21
Q

How long will troponin stay elevated after a cardiac injury

A

Troponin T: 7-10 days

Troponin I: 10-14 days

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22
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

Allows for ventricular and atrial contraction and depolarization to remain separate (Helps maintain a happy CO)

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23
Q

What is the septum in the heart

A

allows for proper blood flow

supports part of the herd conduction system

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24
Q

What vessels feed the atrial / ventricular septum

A

R & L coronary arteries

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25
Q

What are the valves in the heart covered by

A

endocardium

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26
Q

What valve separates the right atria and ventricle

A

tricuspid

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27
Q

Which valves are AV valves

A

Tricuspid
Mitral (Bicuspid)

28
Q

What valves are semilunar valves

A

Pulmonic
aortic

29
Q

What are the AV valves attached to

A

Chordae tendoneae

30
Q

What do the chordeae tendoneae attach to in the ventricles

A

Papillary muscles

31
Q

What is the flow of electrical conduction in the heart

A

SA node
Atrial depolarization
AV node
Pause
Bundle of His
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

32
Q

What control the atrial depolarization

A

Internodal tracts

33
Q

What is the function of the Bachmann bundle and where is it located

A

Located in the Left atria
Allows the atria to contract together

34
Q

What node is generally in charge of cardiac electrical conduction

A

SA node

35
Q

Which vessels feed into the right atria

A

SVC
IVC
Coronary artery via the coronary sinus

36
Q

When does the tricuspid valve open

A

When the atrial pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure

37
Q

Which are of the heart is considered a low pressure system

A

Right side

38
Q

How much blood do the ventricles typically eject

A

roughly 60%

39
Q

When does the pulmonic valve close

A

Snaps shut at the beginning of diastole

40
Q

What structure allows for gas exchange of blood in the lungs

A

alveoli

41
Q

How much blood does the left ventricle hold

A

110-125ml (End diastolic volume)

42
Q

When the ventricles contract, what motion does it make

A

Myocytes twist in a wringing motion causing the base to be pulled downward during systole

43
Q

When will the aortic valve close

A

when the ventricles relax causing a pressure change

The blood in the aorta then back flows to the lower pressure and the valve closes

44
Q

When do the coronary arteries fill

A

When the back flow happens in the aorta causing the aortic valve to shut, The coronary arteries will fill

*Diastole

45
Q

What is coronary vascular resistance determined by

A

Hormones
Neural stimulation
metabolic demand
Peripheral vascular resistance

46
Q

What vessels branch off the left coronary artery

A

Left circumflex
Left anterior descending

47
Q

Where is the left circumflex artery found

A

Anterior / lateral wall on the left side of the heart

48
Q

Where is the LAD found

A

Anterior aspect of the left side of the heart

Feeds the anterior/septal aspect of the heart

49
Q

What is another name for the LAD

A

widow maker

50
Q

What does the right coronary artery feed

A

posteromedial papillary muscles

conduction system

51
Q

What is the preload of the heart

A

Pressure that fills the ventricles
*Diastolic measurement

52
Q

What is after load in the heart

A

Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

53
Q

What will cause an increase in preload of the heart

A

hypervolemia
regurge
Heart failure

54
Q

What will cause an increase in afterload of the heart

A

Hypertension
vasoconstriction

55
Q

What makes the “lub” sound in the heart

A

S1
AV valves close and systole begins
*Generally the louder sound

56
Q

What is the S2 sound

A

Semilunar valves close and diastole begins

57
Q

When will you hear a splitting of S1 and S2

A

AV valves do not close simultaneously

58
Q

When will you hear a splitting of S2

A

Normal during inspiration

59
Q

What is a grade 1 murmur

A

Faint

60
Q

What is a grade 2 murmur

A

soft sound

61
Q

What is a grade 3 murmur

A

louder but not palpable

62
Q

What is a grade 4 murmur

A

Loud with palpable thrill

63
Q

What is a grade 5 murmur

A

Very loud even with light touch of a stethoscope

Thrill palpable

64
Q

What is a grade 6 murmur

A

Audible when stethoscope is not touching the chest

65
Q

What is occurring when valves have regurgitation

A

valve is not able to close when needed and will allow for reverse flow of blood

66
Q

When is troponin lab drawn

A

Chest pain concern for ACS
Cardiac strain
CHF

67
Q

What is BNP correlated with

A

Elevation correlates with the degree of heart failure

CABS cardiology (10 decks)

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