1000ft review Flashcards by Melissa Ring

Where are the atria located

Primarily posterior between lung hila

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What structure of the heart makes up majority of the anterior surface

Right ventricle

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Where is the fluid surrounding the heart located

pericardial cavity

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What is pericardial effusion

fluid accumulation that puts excess pressure on the heart

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What is the function of the fluid in the pericardium

the serous fluid helps to prevent inflammation

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What is the outer later of the heart

parietal layer

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What layer is adhered to the heard

epicardium

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What lines the inner aspect of the heart

endothelium
-Connective tissue lining

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What cell types make up the heart

contractile
involuntary
striated muscle cells

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What is the plateau phase and what is its purpose

The heart cannot immediately relax after contraction

This phase allows relaxation for the heart to refill

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How is the striated muscle in the heart different from skeletal muscle

There are more T tubles for more rapid and equal depolarization

Na+/K+ more readily depolarizes

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How many nuclei are present in each cardiac cell

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How are the cardiac cells arranged compared to skeletal

Cardiac is arranged in branching networks rather than parallel

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What structure is found between the cardiac cells

intercalculated discs

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What is the purpose of the inter calculated discs

Allows for rapid transmission of cellular activity via gap junctions and electrical conduction

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What initiates the action potential for the heart

cardiac conduction cells

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What is troponin and indicator of

cardiac ischemia

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What is troponin

protein within the myocardium

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Which forms of troponin are cardiac specific

T and I

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How quickly will troponin levels elevate in the blood after a myocardial injury

3 hours

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How long will troponin stay elevated after a cardiac injury

Troponin T: 7-10 days

Troponin I: 10-14 days

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What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart

Allows for ventricular and atrial contraction and depolarization to remain separate (Helps maintain a happy CO)

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What is the septum in the heart

allows for proper blood flow

supports part of the herd conduction system

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What vessels feed the atrial / ventricular septum

R & L coronary arteries

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What are the valves in the heart covered by

endocardium

What valve separates the right atria and ventricle

tricuspid

Which valves are AV valves

Tricuspid Mitral (Bicuspid)

What valves are semilunar valves

Pulmonic aortic

What are the AV valves attached to

Chordae tendoneae

What do the chordeae tendoneae attach to in the ventricles

Papillary muscles

What is the flow of electrical conduction in the heart

SA node Atrial depolarization AV node Pause Bundle of His Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

What control the atrial depolarization

Internodal tracts

What is the function of the Bachmann bundle and where is it located

Located in the Left atria Allows the atria to contract together

What node is generally in charge of cardiac electrical conduction

SA node

Which vessels feed into the right atria

SVC IVC Coronary artery via the coronary sinus

When does the tricuspid valve open

When the atrial pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure

Which are of the heart is considered a low pressure system

Right side

How much blood do the ventricles typically eject

roughly 60%

When does the pulmonic valve close

Snaps shut at the beginning of diastole

What structure allows for gas exchange of blood in the lungs

alveoli

How much blood does the left ventricle hold

110-125ml (End diastolic volume)

When the ventricles contract, what motion does it make

Myocytes twist in a wringing motion causing the base to be pulled downward during systole

When will the aortic valve close

when the ventricles relax causing a pressure change The blood in the aorta then back flows to the lower pressure and the valve closes

When do the coronary arteries fill

When the back flow happens in the aorta causing the aortic valve to shut, The coronary arteries will fill *Diastole

What is coronary vascular resistance determined by

Hormones Neural stimulation metabolic demand Peripheral vascular resistance

What vessels branch off the left coronary artery

Left circumflex Left anterior descending

Where is the left circumflex artery found

Anterior / lateral wall on the left side of the heart

Where is the LAD found

Anterior aspect of the left side of the heart Feeds the anterior/septal aspect of the heart

What is another name for the LAD

widow maker

What does the right coronary artery feed

posteromedial papillary muscles conduction system

What is the preload of the heart

Pressure that fills the ventricles *Diastolic measurement

What is after load in the heart

Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

What will cause an increase in preload of the heart

hypervolemia regurge Heart failure

What will cause an increase in afterload of the heart

Hypertension vasoconstriction

What makes the "lub" sound in the heart

S1 AV valves close and systole begins *Generally the louder sound

What is the S2 sound

Semilunar valves close and diastole begins

When will you hear a splitting of S1 and S2

AV valves do not close simultaneously

When will you hear a splitting of S2

Normal during inspiration

What is a grade 1 murmur

Faint

What is a grade 2 murmur

soft sound

What is a grade 3 murmur

louder but not palpable

What is a grade 4 murmur

Loud with palpable thrill

What is a grade 5 murmur

Very loud even with light touch of a stethoscope Thrill palpable

What is a grade 6 murmur

Audible when stethoscope is not touching the chest

What is occurring when valves have regurgitation

valve is not able to close when needed and will allow for reverse flow of blood

When is troponin lab drawn

Chest pain concern for ACS Cardiac strain CHF

What is BNP correlated with

Elevation correlates with the degree of heart failure