1000ft review Flashcards
Where are the atria located
Primarily posterior between lung hila
What structure of the heart makes up majority of the anterior surface
Right ventricle
Where is the fluid surrounding the heart located
pericardial cavity
What is pericardial effusion
fluid accumulation that puts excess pressure on the heart
What is the function of the fluid in the pericardium
the serous fluid helps to prevent inflammation
What is the outer later of the heart
parietal layer
What layer is adhered to the heard
epicardium
What lines the inner aspect of the heart
endothelium
-Connective tissue lining
What cell types make up the heart
contractile
involuntary
striated muscle cells
What is the plateau phase and what is its purpose
The heart cannot immediately relax after contraction
- This phase allows relaxation for the heart to refill
How is the striated muscle in the heart different from skeletal muscle
There are more T tubles for more rapid and equal depolarization
Na+/K+ more readily depolarizes
How many nuclei are present in each cardiac cell
1
How are the cardiac cells arranged compared to skeletal
Cardiac is arranged in branching networks rather than parallel
What structure is found between the cardiac cells
intercalculated discs
What is the purpose of the inter calculated discs
Allows for rapid transmission of cellular activity via gap junctions and electrical conduction
What initiates the action potential for the heart
cardiac conduction cells
What is troponin and indicator of
cardiac ischemia
What is troponin
protein within the myocardium
Which forms of troponin are cardiac specific
T and I
How quickly will troponin levels elevate in the blood after a myocardial injury
3 hours
How long will troponin stay elevated after a cardiac injury
Troponin T: 7-10 days
Troponin I: 10-14 days
What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart
Allows for ventricular and atrial contraction and depolarization to remain separate (Helps maintain a happy CO)
What is the septum in the heart
allows for proper blood flow
supports part of the herd conduction system
What vessels feed the atrial / ventricular septum
R & L coronary arteries
What are the valves in the heart covered by
endocardium
What valve separates the right atria and ventricle
tricuspid
Which valves are AV valves
Tricuspid
Mitral (Bicuspid)
What valves are semilunar valves
Pulmonic
aortic
What are the AV valves attached to
Chordae tendoneae
What do the chordeae tendoneae attach to in the ventricles
Papillary muscles
What is the flow of electrical conduction in the heart
SA node
Atrial depolarization
AV node
Pause
Bundle of His
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
What control the atrial depolarization
Internodal tracts
What is the function of the Bachmann bundle and where is it located
Located in the Left atria
Allows the atria to contract together
What node is generally in charge of cardiac electrical conduction
SA node
Which vessels feed into the right atria
SVC
IVC
Coronary artery via the coronary sinus
When does the tricuspid valve open
When the atrial pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure
Which are of the heart is considered a low pressure system
Right side
How much blood do the ventricles typically eject
roughly 60%
When does the pulmonic valve close
Snaps shut at the beginning of diastole
What structure allows for gas exchange of blood in the lungs
alveoli
How much blood does the left ventricle hold
110-125ml (End diastolic volume)
When the ventricles contract, what motion does it make
Myocytes twist in a wringing motion causing the base to be pulled downward during systole
When will the aortic valve close
when the ventricles relax causing a pressure change
The blood in the aorta then back flows to the lower pressure and the valve closes
When do the coronary arteries fill
When the back flow happens in the aorta causing the aortic valve to shut, The coronary arteries will fill
*Diastole
What is coronary vascular resistance determined by
Hormones
Neural stimulation
metabolic demand
Peripheral vascular resistance
What vessels branch off the left coronary artery
Left circumflex
Left anterior descending
Where is the left circumflex artery found
Anterior / lateral wall on the left side of the heart
Where is the LAD found
Anterior aspect of the left side of the heart
Feeds the anterior/septal aspect of the heart
What is another name for the LAD
widow maker
What does the right coronary artery feed
posteromedial papillary muscles
conduction system
What is the preload of the heart
Pressure that fills the ventricles
*Diastolic measurement
What is after load in the heart
Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
What will cause an increase in preload of the heart
hypervolemia
regurge
Heart failure
What will cause an increase in afterload of the heart
Hypertension
vasoconstriction
What makes the “lub” sound in the heart
S1
AV valves close and systole begins
*Generally the louder sound
What is the S2 sound
Semilunar valves close and diastole begins
When will you hear a splitting of S1 and S2
AV valves do not close simultaneously
When will you hear a splitting of S2
Normal during inspiration
What is a grade 1 murmur
Faint
What is a grade 2 murmur
soft sound
What is a grade 3 murmur
louder but not palpable
What is a grade 4 murmur
Loud with palpable thrill
What is a grade 5 murmur
Very loud even with light touch of a stethoscope
Thrill palpable
What is a grade 6 murmur
Audible when stethoscope is not touching the chest
What is occurring when valves have regurgitation
valve is not able to close when needed and will allow for reverse flow of blood
When is troponin lab drawn
Chest pain concern for ACS
Cardiac strain
CHF
What is BNP correlated with
Elevation correlates with the degree of heart failure
