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CABS cardiology > PVD & Dissection > Flashcards

PVD & Dissection Flashcards

1
Q

What effect does increase peripheral vascular resistance have on the heart

A

Increases the afterload = increase how much the heart has to work / pump against

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2
Q

What factors increase SVR

A

Atherosclerosis
HTN
Blood Viscosity
vasoconstriction / dilation

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3
Q

What is normal systolic BP

A

120mmHg

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4
Q

Where are baroreceptors located

A

carotids
aorta

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5
Q

What is elevated systolic BP

A

120-129mmHg

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6
Q

What is stage 1 HTN systolic BP

A

130-139mmHg

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7
Q

What is stage 2 HTN systolic BP

A

> 140mmHg

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8
Q

What is stage 1 HTN diastolic pressure

A

80-89mmHg

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9
Q

What is stage 2 HTN diastolic pressure

A

> 90mmHg

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10
Q

How does the body balance out blood pressure

A

baroreceptors and feedback info from those receptors

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11
Q

What do the baroreceptors stimulate with increased BP

A

Increase vagal stimulation which will cause the release of acetylcholine

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12
Q

What receptors are stimulated on the SA and AV nodes when acetylcholine is released

A

M2 = decrease HR, decrease CO and decrease BP

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13
Q

What will be inhibited during times of HTN to decrease the production of catecholamine

A

adrenal medulla

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14
Q

What happens in the kidneys during times of HTN

A

Pressure will increase within the glomerular filtration which will increase Na+/H2O secretion = decrease BP

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15
Q

What is the most common type of hypertension

A

essential

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16
Q

What factors increase HTN

A

sympathetic activation = B1 activation with increase HR = Increase CO = Increase BP

17
Q

Why does Nicotine cause HTN

A

Nicotine causes release of catecholamines

18
Q

Why does obstructive sleep apnea cause HTN

A

hypoxemia and hypercarbia cause catecholamine release

19
Q

What are hypertensive vasculopathies

A

vascular remodeling
endothelial dysfunction
inflammation

20
Q

What is malignant hypertension

A

bp>180/110

21
Q

What is hypertensive emergency indicative of

A

acute end organ damage secondary to elevated BP

22
Q

What is a hypertensive urgency

A

Stable end organ disease

23
Q

What type of hypertension has no end organ damage but has highly elevated BP

A

Severe uncontrolled HTN

24
Q

What are some downstream effects of chronic HTN

A

Ischemic heart diease
AKI/CKD
Encephalopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
atherosclerosis
SAH/Ruptured aneurysm/lacunar infart

25
Q

Where does a dissection occur in the aorta

A

Separation of tunica intima and media allowing for an accumulation of blood

26
Q

What are dissections most commonly associated with

A

HTN
Smoking
advanced age
hyperlipidemia

27
Q

What causes an aortic dissection

A

a supply/demand mismatch= stiffening of vascular wall = increase stress & decrease compliance, increase risk of endothelial damage = increased risk of dissection

28
Q

What are some risks for dissection

A

CT disorders
bicuspid aortic valve
coarctation of aorta

29
Q

What kind of trauma can cause an aortic dissection

A

acceleration/deceleration injuries

30
Q

How will an aortic dissection present

A

abrupt onset of chest /abdominal pain described as tearing

widened mediastinum

pulse/ BP difference in extremities

31
Q

What vessel layers are effected by an aortic aneurysm

A

all layers

32
Q

What are the causes of aortic aneurysms

A

CT disorders
Trauma
Aortits
**atherosclerosis

33
Q

What is a ruptured AAA presentation

A

abdominal / back pain
hypotension
pulsatile abdominal mass

34
Q

What can chronic venous disease lead to

A

varicose veins

35
Q

What pressure is considered critical in compartment syndrome

A

10-30mmHg

36
Q

What is ABI

A

ankle brachial index
*take BP in both places and compare to determine the severity of PVD

ankle BP/Brachial BP

37
Q

What might a patient with critical PVD present with

A

persistent claudication
gangrene
skin breakdown

38
Q

What is the initial treatment of claudication

A

walking program
**allows for angiogenesis

CABS cardiology (10 decks)

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