Valves of the heart

Question 1

mitral valve

Answer 1

bicuspid valve
betwen L atrium and L ventricle
2 leaflets
prevent backflow

Question 2

tricuspid valve

Answer 2

between R A and R V
3 leaflets

Question 3

aortic valve

Answer 3

between L V and aorta
3 cusps
prevent back flow in diastole

Question 4

pulmonary valve

Answer 4

between R V and pulmonary artery
prevent back flow in diastole

Question 5

preload

Answer 5

initial stretch if the myocardial fibres before contraction

Question 6

preload stretch

Answer 6

improves allignment of the acin and myosin to form cross bridge to increase contractlile force

Question 7

an increase in preload will

Answer 7

increase stroke volume

Question 8

contractility

Answer 8

ability of cardiac muscle to generate a force

Question 9

afterload

Answer 9

resistance ventricle needs to overcome in systole to eject blood

e.g aortic pressure, wall thickness

Question 10

an increase chamber radius will

Answer 10

increase wall stress
increase afterload
decrease stroke volume

Question 11

aortic stenosis

Answer 11

narrowed aorta increase LV pressure to overcome

increase preload
increase afterload

Question 12

aortic regurgitation

Answer 12

backflow from aorta into LV

increase PRELOAD
increase AFTERLOAD

Question 13

mitral stenosis

Answer 13

obstruction flow

decrease preload

Question 15

pulmoary stenosis

Answer 15

obstruction increase resistance

decrease preload
increase afterload

Question 16

pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 16

cant close valve

decrease preload

Question 17

tricuspid stenosis

Answer 17

narrowed valve
decrease preload

Question 18

tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 18

increase preload
decrease afterload

Question 19

acute causes of aortic valve regurgitation

Answer 19

chest trauma, aortic dissection, cusp rupture

Question 20

clinical signs of acute aortic regurgitation

Answer 20

hypotension
dyspnoea
low pitched diastolic murmur
cardiogenic shock

Question 21

aortic acute regurgitation process

Answer 21

premature valve closeure decrease cardiac output

Question 22

chronic aortic regurgitation causes

Answer 22

aortic root dilation RHD, prostethtic failure

increase wall stress systolic dysfunction

Question 23

aortic stenosis causes

Answer 23

calcfied aortic valve disease
diastolic dysfunction

Question 24

aortic stenosis clinical signs

Answer 24

exertional angina
dyspnoea
angina
artiral fibrilation

Question 25

MVP

Answer 25

mitral valve prolapse

Question 26

MVP process

Answer 26

Leaflet degeneration- thickened, redundant, floppy due to accumulation of proteoglycan Elongated or ruptured chordae tendinae- excessively stretched decreases tension

Question 27

what occurs in Mitrial regurgutatiion

Answer 27

progressive leaflet elongation chordral rupture LA and LV overload

Question 28

symptom of MR

Answer 28

angina palputations fatigue dyspnoea

Question 29

MR primary causes

Answer 29

structural RHD trauma infective endocarditis

Question 30

secondary casues to MR

Answer 30

ischeamic heart disease dialted cardiomyopathy atrial fibrilation

Question 31

Primary MR

Answer 31

valve and leaflets- degenerate LA/lv overload leads to eccentric hypertrophy LV dysfunction- LA overpressure

Question 32

Secondary MR

Answer 32

abonormal ventricle shape papilary muscle displacement annular dilation

Question 33

primary TR causes

Answer 33

congenital abnormalities fibrosis leaflet destruction prolapse papilary muscle infarction

Question 34

secondary TR causes

Answer 34

annular dilation lossen sphincter leaflet tething b/c L side HD b/c pulonary hypertension B/c RV infarction

Question 35

TR caused by Right heart remodel

Answer 35

chronic volume overload leads to RA dilation RV systole is then dysfunctioning decrease leaflet function

Question 36

TR caused by vicous pathogenic cycle

Answer 36

annular dilation of tething cause RA AND RV overload renal dysfunction hepatic dysfunction

Question 37

TR caused by atrial fibrilation

Answer 37

RA dilation/ annular enlargment- loss of atrial contraction

Question 38

all factors of TR causes

Answer 38

R atrial Pressure overload Chronic venous congestion progressive RV dilation

Question 39

symptoms of TR

Answer 39

exertional dyspnoea peripheral odema neck pulsation

Question 41

Pulmonary valve dysfunction acquired stenosis

Answer 41

RHD, carcinoid HD cardiac tumours

Question 42

process of pulmonary valve dysfunction stenosis

Answer 42

1. obstruction to outflow= narrowed valve increase resistance 2. RV pressure increase RV must generate more force- RV hypertrophy 3. impaired RV compliance cause it to stiffen post stenotic dilation

Question 43

mild symptoms of pulmonary stenosis

Answer 43

normal SI ejection click

Question 44

moderate symptoms of pulmonary stenosis

Answer 44

dyspnoea on exertion systolic murmur

Question 45

serve symptoms of pulmonary stenosis

Answer 45

cyanosis chest pain

Question 46

pulmonary regurgitation causes

Answer 46

RHD, ENDOCARDITIS, post surgery, pulmonary hypertension

Question 47

process of pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 47

retrograde flow- blood flows back into RV - overload progressive RV dysfuncton arrythmia- dilation pulmonary hypertension

Question 48

symptoms of PR

Answer 48

mild dyspnoea on exertiona odema hepatic congestion palpitations light headed