endocrine disorders

Question 1

primary adrenal insurficency causes

Answer 1

Adrenal glands Autoimmune, TB, metastatic disease, haemorrhage, drugs

Question 2

secondary adrenal insurficency causes

Answer 2

Pituitary gland pituitary tumours, surgery, radiation, trauma, Sheehan syndrome

Question 3

tertiary adrenal insrufcicency causes

Answer 3

Hypothalamus / HPA suppression chronic steroid use, sudden withdrawal of steriods, hypothalamic disease

Question 4

hypothalamus hormones

Answer 4

thyrotrophin releasing hormone
corticotrophin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
gonad releasing hormone

Question 5

pituratry gland hormones

Answer 5

thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotrophin hormone
growth hormone
prolactin
gonadtrophins

Question 6

thyroid hormones

Answer 6

T3. T4
CALCITONIN

Question 7

thymus

Answer 7

b and t cells

Question 8

cause of endocrine hypofunction

Answer 8

age
autoimmune
infection
inflammation
drug

Question 9

cause of endocrine hyperfunction

Answer 9

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
tumours
autoimmune

Question 10

hypothalamus anterior nucleus

Answer 10

mediates heat- vasodilates, sweet
leads to hypothermia if impaired
caused by impaired central inhibition pathway

Question 11

hypothalamus posterior nucleus

Answer 11

promotes heat conservation- vasoconstriction
leads to hypothermia
caused by disruption of sympathetic pathway

Question 12

hypothalamus ventromedial nucleus

Answer 12

satierty center
hyperphagia, obesity
mediated apeptite is disrupted

Question 13

hypothalamus lateral nucleus

Answer 13

stimulates hunger anorexia
disruption in oxein and melanin signal

Question 14

hypothalmus arrcuate nucleus

Answer 14

results in growth delay due to dysfunction of neuropeptide signalling

Question 15

supraoptic neclues of hypothalamus

Answer 15

water balance- ADH
DIABETIES/ polyuria
loss of ANP signal

Question 16

hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus

Answer 16

produces oxytocin CRH
decrease oxytocin
because neuroendocrine axis is impaired

Question 17

hypothalamus and pitratry axis

Answer 17

1. connection via blood supply
2. connection via a nerve signal

Question 18

hypopitratisim causes

Answer 18

due to mass legion
infarction
bleeding
infections

Question 19

growth hormone deficency causes

Answer 19

tumours
sarcodosis
extrapituratry tumour

Question 20

symptoms of hormone deficency

Answer 20

children=
stunted growth, delayed pituratry, immature facial features

adults=
decreased muscle mass, increase fat levels, metabolic disturbances

Question 21

growth hormone excess causes

Answer 21

simatrophy adenoma of AP

Question 22

growth hormone excess symptoms

Answer 22

children= gigantisum, facial changes= enlarged jaw

adult=
acromegaly- enlarged bones in feet and hands
organ enalrgement
fatigue

Question 23

adrenal glands parts

Answer 23

cortex = corticosteroids/ glucorticoids= secret cortisol and aldosterone

medulla= release andrenaline/ noradrenaline

Question 24

primary adrenal insurficency

Answer 24

adrenal cortex= decreased cortisol

causes= autoimmune/ infectious/ haemorraghe, gentics/ drugs

Question 25

secondary adrenal insurficency

Answer 25

effects pituratry decrease ACTH

Question 26

TERTIRARY adrenal insurficency

Answer 26

effects hypothalmaus decrease CRH

Question 27

causes of seconday and tertiary adrenal insurficency

Answer 27

exogenes- glucocorticoids long term steroids hypothalamic tumours

Question 28

addisons disease

Answer 28

auto immune disease destorys adrenal cortex

Question 29

pheochromocytoma

Answer 29

catecholamine producing tumour

Question 30

neuroblastoma

Answer 30

pediatric cancer cause of medulla

Question 31

cushing syndrome

Answer 31

elevated cortisol blood levels

Question 32

cushing syndrome causes

Answer 32

exogenous- cortisol intorduced from outside endogenosous- cortisol excess production

Question 33

mechanisim of cushing

Answer 33

1- dysregulation of hypothalmic- pituratry pathway this is disrupted then increase release of CRH increase ACTH increases cortisol

Question 34

symptoms of cushing

Answer 34

muscle wasting skin chnages- thinning bone fracture increased

Question 35

hyperthyroidisim syptoms

Answer 35

heat intolerance/ expothalmus, hypohydrosis tachycardia/ dyspnoea, tremor

Question 36

hypothyroidisim symptoms

Answer 36

col intolerance/ myexodema/ constipation/ drepresion/ weight gain

Question 37

thyroid storm

Answer 37

serve presntation of hyperthyroidism anxiety/ sweating/ tachcardia/ fatigue/ weight loss

Question 38

parathyroidism hypo causes

Answer 38

post surgery/ autoimmune/ genetic/ infilitrative

Question 39

parathyroidisim hypo mechanisim

Answer 39

decrease calcium levels becasue decrease bone reabsorption decreased levels of vit D decrease intetinal calcium reabsorption

Question 40

parathyroidsim hypo symptoms

Answer 40

neuromuscular irritability- cramp pysch- anxiety chronic- dry skin/ hair loss/ basal ganglion

Question 41

parathyroid hyper causes

Answer 41

parathyroid adenoma hyperplasia

Question 42

parathryoid hyper causes

Answer 42

hypercalcaemia hypophosphatanemia bone demineralisation over time

Question 43

parathyroid hyper secondary

Answer 43

chronic kidney disease vit D deficet

Question 44

sypotoms of hyper parathyroid

Answer 44

skeleton- osteopenia/ osteoporosis renal- stones gastrointestinal- constipation/ nausea cardiac- short QT

Question 45

diabetes meelitus

Answer 45

high levels og BGL not produce insuline not use insulin

Question 46

type 1 diabetes and causes

Answer 46

immune mediated response destorys Beta Cells automimune- genetic markers at birth immune markers Genetic= HLA gene

Question 47

type 1 diabetes mechanism

Answer 47

stage 1- autoimmune= silent starts attacking B cells on pancrease by T cells stage2- early glucose changes more B cells damaged Abnormal glucose levels Stage 3 clinical diabettes b cells destoryd hyperglyceamia

Question 48

symptoms of type 1

Answer 48

polyuria nocturia polydispia= increase thirst weight loss alternation in vision eye damage nervous system damage

Question 49

type 2 diabetes causes

Answer 49

genetic lifestyle

Question 50

type 2 diabetes insulin resistance

Answer 50

reduced response to insulin increase lypolysis because insulin decrease so increase fat breakdown so insulin resistance= fat break down quicker causes insulin supression

Question 51

type 2 diabetes beta cell dysfunction

Answer 51

genetics

Question 52

metabolic syndrome

Answer 52

mixture of conditions insulin/ impaired glucose tolerance/ obesity/ low cholesterol

Question 53

mechanisim of metabolic syndrome

Answer 53

FFA released by adipose tissue= insulin resitance adipose tissue dysfunction= fat cells become enlarged= more resistance to insulin insulin resistance chronic inflammation vascular hypertension